Thermal decomposition of natural and synthetic plumbojarosites: Importance in ‘archeochemistry’

Plumbojarosite and argentoplumbojarosite were sources of lead and silver in ancient and medieval times. The understanding of the chemistry of the thermal decomposition of these minerals is of vital importance in ‘archeochemistry’. The thermal decomposition of plumbojarosite was studied using a combination of thermogravimetric analysis coupled to a mass spectrometer. Three mass loss steps are observed at 376, 420 and 502 °C. These are attributed to dehydroxylation, loss of sulphate occurs at 599 °C, and loss of oxygen and formation of lead occurs at 844 and 953 °C. The temperatures of the thermal decomposition of the natural jarosite were found to be less than that for the synthetic jarosite. This is attributed to a depression of freezing point effect induced by impurities in the natural jarosite. Raman spectroscopy was used to study the structure of plumbojarosite. Plumbojarosites are characterised by stretching bands at 1176, 1108, 1019 and 1003 cm⁻¹ and bending modes at 623 and 582 cm⁻¹. Changes in the molecular structure during thermal decomposition were followed by infrared emission spectroscopy. The technique shows the loss of intensity in the hydroxyl stretching region attributed to dehydroxylation. Loss of sulphate only occurs after dehydroxylation. Lead is formed at higher temperatures through oxygen evolution.     

Syntheses of new difluoromethylene benzoxazole and 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives, as potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

In an effort to prepare new fluorine-containing compounds, which are active against HIV, several chemical modifications of a series of benzoxazole and 1,2,4-oxadiazole-CF₂CHOHAr derivatives were carried out. The products (9-30) which all have one or two CF₂ groups were tested for activity against HIV-1; they were devoid of significant activity, one of them being cytotoxic.     

The dehydroxylation of basic aluminum sulfate: An infrared emission spectroscopic study

The tridecameric aluminum polymer [AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂]⁷⁺ was prepared by forced hydrolysis of Al³⁺ up to an OH/Al molar ratio of 2.2. Upon addition of sulfate, the tridecamer crystallized as the monoclinic basic aluminum sulfate Na_0.1[AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂](SO₄)_3.55. The dehydroxylation of the basic aluminum sulfate has been studied by Fourier transform in-situ infrared emission spectroscopy over a temperature range of 200° to 750°C at 50°C intervals. The spectrum is characterized by the sulfate ν₁ (1024 cm⁻¹), ν₃ doublet (1117 and 1168 cm⁻¹) and the ν₄ doublet (568 and 611 cm⁻¹) modes. Furthermore, minor bands assigned to nitrate are observed. Upon heating from ≈350° to 400°C major changes are observed, especially in the bandwidth and band intensities. The bands in the hydroxyl stretching region due to the Al₁₃ group disappear, whereas the bands around 1050 cm⁻¹ display various changes in bandwidths, intensities and positions associated with the dehydration and dehydroxylation of the basic sulfate and the changing of the structure into an aluminum oxosulfate. The nitrate bands diminish upon heating.     

Dehydroxylation of stilbenoid oligomers: absolute configuration determination via comparison of experimental and theoretical electronic circular dichroic spectra

Dehydroxylation of naturally occurring oligomeric resveratrol derivatives resulted in the formation of compounds with dramatically reduced principal stable conformers. In addition, dehydroxylation allowed the determination of the absolute configurations of the original resveratrols via comparison of experimental and theoretical electronic circular dichroic spectra. Notably, the absolute configuration of pauciflorol B was identified using this novel procedure, which is the first application of dehydroxylated derivatives for the determination of the absolute configuration of naturally occurring polyphenols.     

La(NO3)3和Pr(NO3)3对高岭石脱羟基动力学的影响

采用热重和微商热重(TG/DTA)综合热分析技术在不同升温速率下研究了掺入La(NO₃)₃和Pr(NO₃)₃的高岭石的热分解过程, 利用Coats-Redfern积分法和Achar微分法对热分析实验数据进行动力学计算, 得到了高岭石脱羟基反应过程中的控制机理函数、 活化能和指前因子等动力学参数; 分析了2种稀土掺入对高岭石脱羟基过程动力学参数的影响, 并用Ozawa法对活化能进行了验证. 结果表明, 未掺稀土和掺入Pr(NO₃)₃的高岭石的脱羟基反应过程均受化学反应模型F₃控制, 反应的活化能分别为307.94和282.86 kJ/mol, 指前因子lnA的值分别为47.8980和44.1718; 掺入La(NO₃)₃的高岭石脱羟基反应过程控制机理函数发生改变, 受化学反应模型F₂控制, 反应活化能为196.02 kJ/mol, 指前因子lnA的值为29.5551. 与未掺稀土的高岭石对比, 掺入Pr(NO₃)₃后活化能和指前因子略有降低; 而掺入La(NO₃)₃后则显著降低, 分别降低了36.34%和38.30%. 采用Ozawa法验证得到的活化能与Coats-Redfern积分法和Achar微分法结果一致.     

铂表面甘油脱除羟基的从头算分子动力学研究

随着生物质能源的开发,从生物柴油制备中大量获取的甘油成为热门的工业原材料. 甘油可以通过氢解生成1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇两种丙二醇,这两种丙二醇都具有十分广泛的用途. 实验上报道的众多相关金属催化剂中,铂具有性质稳定、不易失活、可活化氢分子提供氢原子等优点. 此外甘油在铂上氢解生成1,2-丙二醇的选择性高于1,3-丙二醇. 本文主要利用从头算分子动力学对甘油在Pt(111)和Pt(211)表面上发生的羟基解离过程进行了模拟计算,并对比分析了其自由能的变化和表面物种结构参数的变化,得出了以下结论：(i)密度泛函理论优化气相甘油分子结构的结果显示,氢键对于气相中分子的结构与能量有较大贡献,三个羟基形成三个分子内氢键结构时甘油分子能量最低;(ii)通过比较从头算分子动力学模拟得到的自由能能垒和反应自由能,可以得出,在Pt(111)和Pt(211)表面,末端碳上的羟基比中间碳上的羟基更容易发生解离. 这表明在类似的条件下,铂作为催化剂可以为1,2-丙二醇的生产提供更高的选择性,这与文献中报道的实验结果一致;(iii)通过对从头算分子动力学模拟得到的初始吸附态和过渡态结构参数的分析,发现在羟基解离的过程中,C-C键的键长没有明显变化,而氧原子的相对位置以及氢键的长度有明显变化,且氢键长度的变化更加剧烈;(iv)通过比较从头算分子动力学研究所得的自由能能垒和结构参数的相关趋势发现,自由能能垒与初始吸附态和过渡态的氧原子间位置的变化量之间存在线性关系,而分子内氢键对自由能能垒的贡献可以忽略不计. 氧原子间位置的变化越大,自由能能垒越高.     

Solid state NMR characterisation of the thermal transformation of Fuller''s Earth

Fuller's Earth, a dioctahedral calcium montmorillonite clay mineral of the smectite group, undergoes thermal transformation via a series of complex intermediate states that are highly structurally disordered. Fuller's Earth is a commercially significant material with considerable levels of paramagnetic iron (Fe³⁺) substitution into octahedrally coordinated metal sites. Despite the high iron-content (˜ 10% of the occupied octahedral metal sites) in these samples ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of sufficient quality are obtained to reveal structural changes in samples that have been heated from room temperature to 1400 °C. Two major structural changes are clearly observed, initial dehydroxylation and then collapse of the layer structure into more highly connected silica-rich domains and an alumina-rich phase.     

Synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes by reductive dehydroxylation of Baylis-Hillman adducts using polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) and catalytic B(C6F5)3

B(C₆F₅)₃ as a catalyst and polymethylhydrosiloxane as a hydride source have been employed for the reductive dehydroxylation of Baylis-Hillman adducts wherein the hydride adds in an S_N2′ manner onto the unactivated allyl alcohol moiety with concomitant elimination of the hydroxy group along with double bond migration. The products formed were found to be E in the case of ester adducts and Z in the case of nitrile adducts.     

Thermal decomposition and X-ray diffraction of sulphate efflorescent minerals from El Jaroso Ravine, Sierra Almagrera, Spain

Two evaporite minerals from the El Jaroso Ravine, Spain have been analysed by thermogravimetry coupled with an evolved gas mass spectrometer. X-ray diffraction results proved the evaporite minerals were a mixture of sulphates including the minerals magnesiocopiapite, coquimbite and possibly alunogen. Thermal decomposition of the unoxidised samples showed steps at 52, 99 and 143 °C confirmed by mass spectrometric results and attributed to adsorbed water, interstitial water and chemically bonded water. This evaporite mineral rock showed two higher temperature decomposition steps at 555 and 599 °C with mass losses of 19.6 and 7.8%. Slightly different temperatures for the thermal decomposition of the oxadada sample were observed at 52, 64.5 and 100 °C. Two higher temperature mass loss steps at 560.5 and 651 °C were observed for the oxidised sample. By comparison of the thermal analysis patterns of halotrichite and jarosite it can be shown that the El Jaroso samples are mineral sulphates and not halotrichite or jarosite.     

Controlled Rate Thermal Analysis of kaolinite dehydroxylation: effect of water vapour pressure on the mechanism

The present kinetic study is focused on one aspect of kaolinite dehydroxylation, namely the influence of water vapour pressure in the 10⁻³ to 5 hPa range and in the presence of crystalline defects. The experimental problem of keeping, throughout the dehydroxylation, the pressure gradients negligible around and within the sample is solved by means of Controlled Rate Evolved Gas Detection (CR-EGD). The dehydroxylation rate selected is as low as 0.014 h⁻¹ (which corresponds to a duration of 70 h for the whole experiment). Moreover, more than 20 independent measurements of the apparent Arrhenius energy of activation are carried out all along the dehydroxylation, with help of the rate–jump method, and therefore, without any assumption about the rate law of the determining step. In these conditions, the apparent Arrhenius energy of activation measured during the dehydroxylation of a poorly crystallised kaolinite is shown to be constant in the range 0.02<<0.84 (under 10⁻³ hPa) and in the range 0.18<<0.80 (under 5 hPa), indicating that the rate law obeys the Arrhenius law in this range of extent of reaction. The corresponding activation energies obtained are (233±15) kJ/mol under 10⁻³ hPa and only (188±10) kJ/mol under 5 hPa. Although this decrease is in contradiction with previously published results, it can be interpreted by considering that, under 10⁻³ hPa, diffusion is the limiting step whereas, under 5 hPa, the part of water desorption probably becomes predominant.