A dynamic liquid-liquid interfacial pressure detector for the rapid analysis of surfactants in a flowing organic liquid

Design and development of a dynamic interfacial pressure detector (DIPD) is reported. The DIPD measures the differential pressure as a function of time across the liquid-liquid interface of organic liquid drops (i.e., n-hexane) that repeatedly grow in water at the end of a capillary tip. Using a calibration technique based on the Young-Laplace equation, the differential pressure signal is converted, in real-time, to a relative interfacial pressure. This allows the DIPD to monitor the interfacial tension of surface active species at liquid-liquid interfaces in flow-based analytical techniques, such as flow injection analysis (FIA), sequential injection analysis (SIA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The DIPD is similar in principle to the dynamic surface tension detector (DSTD), which monitors the surface tension at the air-liquid interface. In this report, the interfacial pressure at the hexane-water interface was monitored as analytes in the hexane phase diffused to and arranged at the hexane-water interface. The DIPD was combined with FIA to analytically measure the interfacial properties of cholesterol and Brij^®30 at the hexane-water interface. Results show that both cholesterol and Brij^®30 exhibit a dynamic interfacial pressure signal during hexane drop growth. A calibration curve demonstrates that the relative interfacial pressure of cholesterol in hexane increases as the cholesterol concentration increases from 100 to 10,000 μg ml⁻¹. An example of the utility of the DIPD as a selective detector for a chromatographic separation of interface-active species is also presented in the analysis of cholesterol in egg yolk by normal-phase HPLC-DIPD.     

Characterization of BSA unfolding and aggregation using a single-capillary viscometer and dynamic surface tension detector

A dynamic surface tension detector (DSTD) has been equipped with an additional pressure sensor for simultaneous viscosity measurements, as a detector for flow injection analysis. The viscosity measurement is based on a single capillary viscometer (SCV) placed in parallel configuration with the DSTD. The viscometer in the optimized conditions consists of a PEEK capillary (i.d. = 0.25 mm, L = 75 cm) kept at constant temperature using a thermostatic bath, which leads on the two sides to the two arms of a differential piezoelectric pressure transducer with a range of 0-35 psi. The DSTD, described previously, measures the changing pressure across the liquid/air interface of 2 μL drops repeatedly forming at the end of a capillary.SCV performance has been evaluated by measuring dynamic viscosity of water/glycerol mixtures analysed in flow injection and comparing the results with the values reported in the literature. The detection limits of SCV and DSTD, calculated as 3σ of the blank, were 0.012 cP and 0.6 dyn cm⁻¹, respectively.The FI-SCV-DSTD system has been applied to the study of temperature-induced denaturation/aggregation process in bovine serum albumin (BSA).The results have been supported and discussed with respect to BSA conformational analysis performed using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy.