农产品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的表面增强拉曼检测

利用便携式拉曼光谱仪建立了一个快速筛查与检测谷物中真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)方法。首先利用实验室前期开发的方法制备了具有高活性的水凝胶SERS芯片。该SERS芯片是将预先制备的高SERS活性的单层碳基点(CDs)包裹的银纳米颗粒团聚体(a-AgNPs/CDs)与聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液混合均匀后,再利用循环冷冻-解冻的物理交联法制备而成的。实验优化了影响水凝胶SERS芯片对DON的SERS响应的实验条件,包括溶剂、浸泡温度和浸泡时间。在最佳的SERS检测条件下(溶剂为水-乙醇(1:1, v/v),浸泡温度为40 ℃,浸泡时间为5 min), DON的线性响应范围为1~10000 μg/kg(相关系数(R²)=0.9967),检出限(LOD)为0.14 μg/kg,表明该SERS基底具有较高的灵敏度。得益于水凝胶特殊的孔径结构,实际样品基质中常见的糖、蛋白质、油脂、色素等干扰物质都被阻隔在水凝胶外。因此,在复杂样品检测中仅需要简单的提取,而不需要复杂的分离处理。将该方法用于小麦粉中DON的检测,所得回收率为97.3%~103%,相对标准偏差为4.2%~5.0%。实验结果表明所建立的检测DON的SERS方法具有响应范围宽、灵敏度高、重复性好、响应迅速、操作简单、抗干扰能力强等优点,这说明本实验室所构建的水凝胶SERS芯片在粮食中生物毒素的快速筛查与检测方面具有良好的应用潜力。     

漫透射近红外光谱的便携式面粉品质安全检测仪的设计

基于近红外漫透射光谱分析技术,设计了便携式面粉品质安全检测仪,该检测仪主要包括光谱采集模块、光源控制模块、处理与显示模块以及电源模块.其中漫透射检测附件不仅可以实现光谱补偿功能,还可以有效避免外界杂散光的干扰,设计了控制光源开关的电路,通过实验确定样品的最佳厚度.选用树莓派4B作为核心处理器,选用可充电锂电池供电,仪器...     

Influence of nitrogen speciation on the TDN measurement in fresh waters by high temperature catalytic oxidation and persulfate digestion

Analytical methodologies for the determination of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in waters are based on a conversion step able to transform selectively all the nitrogen species into a compound that is then quantified. A crucial requirement to meet accuracy is the quantitative recovery of all organic and inorganic nitrogen species during the conversion step. In this work, the N recoveries of two widely employed methodologies that use different conversion steps (high temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) and persulfate digestion (PD)) were assessed on a set of organic nitrogen compounds, representative of the structures of both dissolved organic matter (DOM) and anthropogenic contaminants. Low recoveries are due to poor selectivity during the conversion step, with the formation of nitrogen compounds other than nitrogen oxide (HTCO) and nitrate (PD). The results show that in many instances the TDN measurements give systematically low results depending on N speciation. PD could give lower results than HTCO even for samples containing only DOM of biological origin. In particular (i) low N recovery was always observed with compounds having two or more contiguous N atoms; (ii) the HTCO method is very effective for TDN quantification in the presence of s-triazine rings while PD method did not yield satisfactory N recovery; (iii) a full N recovery was observed with compounds having amido or amino groups or nitrogen atoms in imidazole, indole and pyrimidine rings; and (iv) the N recoveries for purine derivatives are almost complete with HTCO, but give systematically low results by PD.

Finally, the estimation of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) fluxes and pools from TDN measurements can be affected by uncertainties larger than previously thought as a consequence of (i) the lower N recovery for some nitrogen compounds and (ii) the differences in the N recovery as a function of the adopted analytical methods.     

洱海水-陆界面溶解性有机氮组成结构及生物有效性-以永安江为例

利用紫外与三维荧光光谱技术,研究了洱海水-陆界面溶解性有机氮(DON)组成结构及生物有效性特征,并探讨了其对湖泊水质影响。结果表明：(1)水-陆界面经由永安江输入洱海DON浓度在0.25～1.39 mg·L-1之间,从河流到湖内以夏秋两季DON浓度较高;经由永安江输入洱海DON负荷量在0.48～2.34 t之间,其中以夏季DON负荷量最高,表明经由入湖河流输入洱海的DON对洱海水质影响潜在风险较大,尤其夏季明显。(2)水-陆界面经由永安江输入洱海的DON组成主要以类腐殖质物质为主,永安江沿程到湖内衰解特征明显且生物有效性为15.27%,而类蛋白和可溶性微生物代谢产物则出现不同程度累积,累积率分别为42.00%和20.68%;DON组分的分子腐殖化程度经由永安江到洱海湖内呈渐降趋势且降低了14.97%。同时,分子芳香环取代基从以脂肪链为主逐渐向以羰基、羧基、羟基、酯类为主转变,尤其在夏季表现明显。(3)水-陆界面经由永安江输入洱海DON组成特征参数(P_{(Ⅲ+Ⅴ, n)}/P_{(Ⅰ+Ⅱ, n)}和A₂₅₃/A₂₀₃值)与其不同形态氮含量显著相关(R2=0.64～0.74, P<0.1,P<0.05),即永安江输入洱海DON结构影响其生物有效性;水-陆界面DON不同结构特征参数与水质呈显著正相关(R=0.82～0.96, p<0.05,p<0.01),表明水-陆界面经由永安江入湖DON组成结构及生物有效性对洱海水污染有一定贡献,尤其在夏季受陆源等人类活动影响较大时,影响更为突出;由此可见,洱海水-陆界面经由永安江入湖DON组成结构变化(如P_{(Ⅲ+Ⅴ, n)}/P_{(Ⅰ+Ⅱ, n)},A₂₅₃/A₂₀₃)可在一定程度上反映洱海水质状况。     

A simple HPLC column-switching technique for the determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in maize and corn silage

Summary A method is described for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in maize and corn silage with a detection limit by UV of 0.2 ppm after a simple separation by means of connected reversed-phase columns.     

Current methods of analysis for the determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in food

This article describes the trends in analytical techniques for the determination of trichothecene mycotoxins, namely deoxynivalenol, and T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals and cereal products with particular emphasis on screening and rapid approaches. The driving force behind the changing methodologies is mainly attributed to legislative demands. However, for commercial and governmental testing laboratories, the need to use validated official methods is ever increasing to ensure quality assurance of results.Much research has been undertaken to improve screening assays, highlighted by the number of new methods using a variety of formats and platforms, including optical and electrochemical biosensors. Significant advances in the traditional reference methods have also been demonstrated in addition to the emergence of a variety of commercial immunoaffinity and solid-phase extraction columns for clean up. The use of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for mycotoxin detection is ever increasing, allowing simultaneous determination of many toxins in various sample matrices.     

Triazole Fungicide Residues and Their Inhibitory Effect on Some Trichothecenes Mycotoxin Excretion in Wheat Grains

Wheat is one of the global strategic crops and ranks third in terms of cereals production. Wheat crops are exposed to many fungal infections during their cultivation stages, some of which have the ability to secrete a number of toxic secondary metabolites that threaten the quality of the grains, consumer health, producer economics, and global trade exchange. Fifty-four random samples were collected from wheat which originated from different countries. The samples included 14 types of soft wheat to study the extent of their contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin by auto-ELISA technology and r-biopharm microtiter plate. All samples were contaminated with DON toxin except one sample, and the values ranged between 40.7 and 1018.8 µg/kg⁻¹. The highest contamination rates were in Lithuanian wheat and the lowest was in Indian wheat. Meanwhile, the highest average level of T-2 toxin contamination was in Lithuanian wheat grains with 377.4 µg/kg⁻¹, and the lowest average was 115.3 µg/kg⁻¹ in Polish wheat. GC-MS/MS and multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) were used to detect 15 triazole derivatives in the collected samples, which may be used to combat fungal diseases on wheat during the growing season. Only 9 derivatives were found: simeconazole, penconazole, hexaconazole, cyproconazole, diniconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, fenbuconazole, and difenoconazole. These derivatives varied according to the origin of the wheat samples as well as their concentration, whereas another 6 derivatives were not detected in any samples. A direct inverse relationship was found between the DON concentration in the samples and the residues of simeconazole, penconazole, diniconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, fenbuconazole, and difenoconazole, and the T-2 toxin showed the same relationship except for tebuconazole. The safe and rational use of some triazole derivatives may be a new approach and a promising strategy to not only reduce plant diseases and their problems, but also to get rid of some mycotoxins as grain contaminants.     

毒素DON单链抗体的同源建模及与DON结合的分子模拟研究

通过同源模建及分子力学构建并优化了呕吐毒素DON单链抗体的三维结构, 结合Procheck和verify_3D方法评估得到合理的抗体模型. 利用分子对接方法研究了单链抗体与其抗原DON的识别及相互作用. 结果表明, 毒素结合到抗体轻链上, 通过轻重链的交界区残基与重链结合, 与残基Pro107之间存在氢键作用. 采用分子动力学模拟和MM/GBSA方法计算了毒素DON与抗体之间的结合自由能, 计算结果与实验值相吻合, 体系疏水相互作用是维持复合物稳定结构的主要驱动力. 动力学模拟氢键分析和能量分解结果共同表明, 残基Pro107参与稳定氢键的形成并贡献很强的范德华作用, 是毒素结合抗体最关键的残基. 本研究为该毒素抗体的结构设计提供了重要的线索和理论依据, 对毒素类分子新型抗体的研究和开发具有理论指导价值.     

多功能柱净化-高效液相色谱法同时检测小麦中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

建立了小麦中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（NIV）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）的高效液相色谱同时检测方法。样品采用乙腈-水（体积比85：15）混合溶剂进行提取．通过多功能净化柱（MFC）进行一次性净化,以C18柱为分离柱,水-乙腈-甲醇（体积比90：5：5）混合溶剂为流动相进行高效液相色谱分离和检测。在小麦样品中,本方法在0．2～5μg／g添加范围内的凹收率为87％～99％;相对标准偏差为1．5％～8．3％;DON和NIV的检出限分别为0．12和0、16μg／g（5／N=3）。