成都市土壤-植物系统铅污染状况初步研究

为研究成都市土壤-植物系统铅污染状况，分析了成都市五种蔬菜及其根系土的铅含量。结果表明，土壤铅含量变化范围61．0～115．0mg/kg，均值为77．3mg/kg，所有样品含量均超过成都市土壤环境背景值，以城东和城南污染最为严重；蔬菜中铅含量以莴笋叶最高，萝卜最低，叶菜类高于瓜果类；蔬菜污染严重区与土壤污染区差别明显，说明土壤铅和植物铅污染源不同。     

应用地质累积指数评价成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染

根据流经成都市内的三条河流(府河、南河、沙河)表层沉积物重金属资料,应用地质累积指数法对重金属污染进行了评价研究。结果表明,河流主要的重金属污染物是Cr,地质累积指数分级多在0~1之间,属于无污染-中度污染范畴。     

成都平原典型地区水果-土壤重金属污染特征研究

为摸清成都平原土壤-水果系统中重金属污染水平和富集特征,通过对成都平原典型地区333个水果作物及其根部表层土壤中Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr和土壤理化指标的测定,结果表明：（1）研究区土壤养分整体呈现出有效磷和碱解氮较丰富,有机质和速效钾较缺乏的特征,可通过增施有机肥、地面覆草、施用绿肥等方式提升土壤肥力水平。（2）研究区土壤重金属存在部分点位超标,以Cd的超标率最高。土壤重金属单因子评价污染等级为清洁,土壤综合污染指数评价污染等级为中度污染,其主要贡献为Cd。研究区重金属存在一定程度的富集,Cd和Hg的污染指数高,潜在生态风险强,应重点关注土壤Cd污染和Hg含量水平的增加趋势,将Cd污染作为下一步土壤风险管控和修复治理的重点目标。（3）研究区水果Pb、Cd的超标率分别为5.7%、7.8%,不同水果Pb、Cd的超标率差异显著,草莓Cd的超标率最高。研究区水果中重金属未对成人构成非致癌健康风险,而水果中的As和Cu对儿童构成了非致癌健康风险,As和Cu对水果重金属非致癌总指数的贡献超过70%,应特别关注水果中As和Cu的管控,以免造成较大的食源性危害。（4）重金属在水果与土壤中的含量水平关联性较低,水果中重金属的含量与水果富集重金属的能力关联度极高,应进一步查明水果重金属与土壤重金属形态的关系,并结合调整水果种植结构、筛选重金属低积累水果品种等方式降低水果重金属的健康风险。     

The adsorption of acidic gaseous pollutants on metal and nonmetallic surface studied by first-principles calculation: A review

The acidic gases such as SO₂, NO_x, H₂S and CO₂ are typical harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which are also the main sources of PM_2.5. The most widely used method of treating these gas molecules is to capture them with different adsorption materials, i.e., metal and nonmetallic materials such as MnO₂, MoS₂ and carbon-based materials. And doping transition metal atoms in adsorption materials are beneficial to the gas adsorption process. The first-principles calculation is a powerful tool for studying the adsorption properties of contaminant molecules on different materials at the molecular and atomic levels to understand surface adsorption reactions, adsorption reactivity, and structure-activity relationships which can provide theoretical guidance for laboratory researches and industrial applications. This review introduces the adsorption models and surface properties of these gas molecules on metal and nonmetallic surfaces by first-principles calculation in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide the theoretical guidance for experimental research and industrial application, and to inspire scientists to benefit from first-principles calculation for applying similar methods in future work.     

川西平原还田秸秆腐解释放DOM的光谱特征

为掌握川西平原保护性耕作模式下还田秸秆腐解过程的光谱学特性,追溯还田秸秆对川西地区生态系统结构的影响过程,采集了该地区主要种植作物油菜、水稻的秸秆样本,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)三种光谱学表征手段,阐明秸秆各腐解阶段溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱学特征,对比不同农作物秸秆快速淋溶阶段DOM(0~0.5 d)与腐解过程(0.5~90 d)的光谱学特征差异性,解析其变化机理。结果表明： 还田秸秆腐解过程中DOM的光谱学特性差异明显,伴随着芳香性物质的溶出、降解以及新生腐殖类物质的形成;由秸秆快速淋溶阶段释放DOM的E₂/E₃值最大而SUVA₂₅₄值最小可知该阶段溶出的物质芳香性和分子量相对较小;其芳香性组分的溶出主要集中在腐解前期(≤10 d),表现于该阶段E₂/E₃值逐渐减小且SUVA₂₅₄值逐渐增大,DOM中多糖峰、芳香C和酰胺峰变弱;难分解的纤维素、半纤维素和大分子蛋白质主要在腐解后期被降解;DOM中酚类、羰基类和羧酸类物质数量增加,使得DOM与有机污染物、金属离子的相互作用增强,进而调节农田土壤中污染物的迁移转化过程。本研究为川西平原秸秆还田的环境意义提供了基础数据和新证据,为该地区农业废弃物处理与资源化提供了依据。     

基于混沌粒子群优化算法的灰色GM(1,1)模型在地下水埋深预测中的应用

将混沌优化算法与粒子群优化算法相结合,形成新的混沌粒子群优化算法.利用混沌运动的遍历性,避免陷入局部最优.同时,粒子群算法能加快混沌优化算法的收敛速度,使搜索效率得到提高.用混沌粒子群优化算法优化灰色GM(1,1)模型中的参数,通过横向和纵向比较,优化效果良好,模型预测精度得到了提高.运用该模型对三江平原地下水埋深进行动态预测,预测结果可为有关决策部门提供参考.     

磷钼蓝光度法测定普碳钢中磷的不确定度的评定

按磷钼蓝光度法对钢材中磷进行测定,根据EURACHEM／CITAC—QUAM对测定结果的不确定度进行了评定,分析了不确定度的来源,对各分量进行了计算、合成并作出评定。     

同步与错位：规模视角下关中平原城市群城市与旅游协同发展研究

当前旅游城市化日益显著,从规模视角评价城市与旅游的协同发展具有重要意义。通过构建城市规模与旅游规模指数,对关中平原城市群2004—2017年的城市规模与旅游规模相关性进行验证,并运用位序规模法则、城市金字塔理论及空间错位指数探究城市规模和旅游规模在区域和城市尺度下的协同发展规律。研究发现：（1）区域尺度下城市规模与旅游规模均属首位分布,发展趋势存在错位;（2）各城市的城市规模与旅游规模在等级和空间上基本同步,少数城市出现错位,近年来空间错位程度有增强趋势;（3）低错位区城市,规模等级较低,中、高错位区城市,规模等级偏高;（4）城市规模与旅游规模的作用与反作用互动关系是其同步与错位状态形成的主要原因。     

Hydrochemistry and boron isotopes as natural tracers in the study of groundwaters from North Chianan Plain,Taiwan

In this paper, hydrochemistry and boron isotopes are successfully applied to elucidate hydrogeological processes by the use of natural tracers. The hydrochemical analysis identifies four end-members in the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater from the North Chianan plain groundwater district. A few groundwater contain extraordinary chlorine concentrations of up to 48,000 mg l^?1. However, the hydrochemistry of groundwater only reveals that high saline water is a dominant factor in groundwater hydrochemistry. It is thought that these groundwater experienced precipitation of carbonates during seawater evaporation that did not involve the precipitation of gypsum. Boron isotopes are very efficient tracers in determining the source of salinisation. The boron isotopes reveal the results of mixing of evaporated seawater and water–sediment interaction. In general, the boron isotope ratio of the groundwater is controlled by a two-end-member mixing system, which is composed of evaporated seawater (isotopically heavy) and fresh surface water (isotopically light). Due to a long lagoonal period in the coastal plain, the groundwaters in the downstream area generally have high Cl/B ratios and relatively heavy boron isotope ratios while those in the upstream area are composed of low Cl/B and light boron isotopes. However, there is not a resolvable mixing trend between the Cl/B ratio and the isotopic composition of boron. It is probably obscured by a highly variable boron isotope ratio in fresh surface water and through fractionation associated with water–rock interaction. Both factors would decrease the boron isotope ratio but one effect cannot be distinguished from the other.