Phase transformation of boron nitride under hypothermal conditions

Phase transformation among different boron nitride (BN) phases in hydrothermal solution was investigated. It was found that hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) firstly formed in the solution at relatively low temperature (i.e., 220 °C). After that, a spot of hBN began to transform into wurtzite boron nitride (wBN) and cubic boron nitride (cBN) at 230 °C. More and more hBN converted into wBN and cBN with the increase in temperature, and this transformation process completed at 300 °C. In this paper, we have explained the mechanism of the above phase transformation by using a reported “puckering mechanism”.     

Cao.28Ba0.72Nb2O6单晶的光学常数及吸收特性

山大晶体所采用提拉法生长出新晶体铌酸钙钡.本文通过分光光度计和椭偏光谱仪分别测得室温下铌酸钙钡的透射率和折射率随波长的变化关系.透射率光谱显示该晶体在波长大于380nm的可见光谱区是透明的.色散关系表明此材料的双折射较大,在短波区域寻常光及非常光的折射率之差约为0.12.此外,由透射率曲线计算了可见光范围内铌酸钙钡的吸收系数.从而得到吸收系数的平方根与光子能量的函数关系曲线.通过对该曲线的研究,发现铌酸钙钡晶体吸收边以下对应的跃迁为间接跃迁,计算出间接跃迁的禁带宽度Eg以及声子能量Ep.     

Refractive index dispersion and anisotropy in Ca0.28Ba0.72Nb2O6

Room‐temperature refractive indices dispersion and anisotropy were measured in single Ca_0.28Ba_0.72Nb₂O₆ (CBN‐28) crystal between 380 and 700 nm. The refractive index of Ca_0.28Ba_0.72Nb₂O₆ are measured by the spectroscopic ellipsometry. The dispersion curves were fitted to different Sellemeier functions. The normal dispersions were observed. Using the interference of polarized light, the birefringence in the long wavelength region is obtained. The results are in good agreement with the reference. A new technique was used to analysis the experiment data and this technique is proved to be more simple and efficient. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

超高频感应钎焊CBN磨粒的残余应力分析

采用超高频感应钎焊工艺在不同扫描速度条件下对CBN磨粒与45钢基体实现钎焊连接.采用激光Raman 光谱仪对钎焊后CBN的残余应力状态进行了检测分析,探讨了残余应力的形成机理,最后研究了超高频感应钎焊CBN砂轮的磨损特征.结果表明:钎焊CBN磨粒顶部受残余压应力,底部受残余拉应力,这种应力分布趋势与传统真空炉中钎焊方法获得的残余应力分布刚好相反.随着扫描速度增大,残余应力分布呈上升趋势,最大残余压应力约220 MPa,最大残余拉应力约160 MPa.为了使钎焊CBN磨粒不出现微裂纹,扫描速度不宜超过1 mm/s.缓进给深切磨削镍基高温合金GH4169试验结果显示,钎焊CBN砂轮的主要磨损形式是磨耗磨损和尖角微破碎.     

Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional 1H qNMR and Two-Dimensional 1H-1H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures

The widespread use of phytocannabinoids or cannabis extracts as ingredients in numerous types of products, in combination with the legal restrictions on THC content, has created a need for the development of new, rapid, and universal analytical methods for their quantitation that ideally could be applied without separation and standards. Based on previously described qNMR studies, we developed an expanded ¹H qNMR method and a novel 2D-COSY qNMR method for the rapid quantitation of ten major phytocannabinoids in cannabis plant extracts and cannabis-based products. The ¹H qNMR method was successfully developed for the quantitation of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), cannabielsoin (CBE), and cannabidivarin (CBDV). Moreover, cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA) can be distinguished from CBDA and Δ9-THCA respectively, while cannabigerovarin (CBGV) and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ8-THCV) present the same ¹H-spectra as CBG and Δ8-THC, respectively. The COSY qNMR method was applied for the quantitation of CBD, CBDA, CBN, CBG/CBGA, and THC/THCA. The two methods were applied for the analysis of hemp plants; cannabis extracts; edible cannabis medium-chain triglycerides (MCT); and hemp seed oils and cosmetic products with cannabinoids. The ¹H-NMR method does not require the use of reference compounds, and it requires only a short time for analysis. However, complex extracts in ¹H-NMR may have a lot of signals, and quantitation with this method is often hampered by peak overlap, with 2D NMR providing a solution to this obstacle. The most important advantage of the COSY NMR quantitation method was the determination of the legality of cannabis plants, extracts, and edible oils based on their THC/THCA content, particularly in the cases of some samples for which the determination of THC/THCA content by ¹H qNMR was not feasible.     

Determining optimal replacement time for metal cutting tools

Traditional tool life models do not take into account the variation inherent in metal cutting processes. As a consequence, the real tool life rarely matches the predicted values. To compensate for this uncertainty, tools are usually replaced prematurely, which leads to unnecessarily high tool costs. In some cases, however, wear-out occurs earlier than predicted, which imposes a risk of workpiece damage or rework and can lead to other extra charges. To balance these costs, this paper proposes an age replacement model. It is assumed that penalty costs are incurred each time a tool fails before the planned replacement. The probability of such an event is determined from the tool reliability function, which models the wear-out by a mixture of Weibull distributions, while failures due to external stresses are accounted for by a homogeneous Poisson process. The optimal replacement time is then determined from a total time on test (TTT) plot. The adequacy of the proposed approach for practical application is tested and confirmed in a case study on turning of Inconel 718 with cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools.     

A study on effects of TiB2 contents on reactive products and compressive strength of brazed CBN grains

The composite fillers were prepared by means of mixing Ag‐Cu‐Ti alloy and TiB₂ reinforcing particles. Experimental study was conducted on the chemical reaction and the reactive products at the interface between CBN grains and the composite filler. The compressive strength measurement of brazed CBN grains was performed. Results obtained show that the TiB₂particles disperse uniformly in the filler layer. Great influence of TiB₂particles is made on the quantity of the reactive products formed on the surface of brazed CBN grains. The destruction of the sharp edges of grains is restrained. Depending on the compact and fine reactive compounds, hard joining is realized for the CBN grain and the filler layer. When the content of TiB₂particles in the composite filler is 8 wt%, the thermal damage of the brazed CBN grains are controlled effectively. In this case the compressive strength of the brazed grains reaches 15.3 N, which is as high as that of the original ones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PCBN刀具切削GH706磨损特征研究

本文中采用PCBN刀具对镍基高温合金GH706车削试验研究刀具磨损并对比刀具材料.首先观察PCBN刀具的磨损形貌,根据其位置、形态等特点进行分类,分别为主切削刃边缘崩刃、主切削刃微崩刃及后刀面磨损、主副切削刃交界后刀面磨损、副切削刃微崩刃及副后刀面磨损等,从而将PCBN刀具磨损形式进行全新的定义,并根据刀具、工件属性以及切削过程刀-屑-工件相互作用特点,分析了不同类型磨损形成的原因.然后研究刀具磨损形貌随切削进程的变化规律,揭示了PCBN刀具切削GH706的失效历程.最后对比了5种不同PCBN材料的刀具的前、后刀面磨损状态,得到了CBN含量、结合剂种类对刀具磨损的影响规律,为高效切削镍基高温合金用PCBN刀具设计及应用提供技术指导.     

Über die Synthese von Erdalkalimetalldihalogeniden und die Strukturen von Ca3Br2CBN und Sr3Cl2CBN

On the Synthesis of Alkaline-Earth Dihalides and the Structures of Ca₃Br₂CBN and Sr₃Cl₂CBN The reaction of alkaline-earth carbonates with ammonium chloride or bromide yields alkaline-earth dihalides at relatively low temperatures (300°C). Ca₃Br₂CBN and Sr₃Cl₂CBN were synthesized in sealed niobium containers at 950°C from the metal, its dihalide, boron nitride and graphite. The crystal structure of Sr₃Cl₂CBN was refined from single crystal data. Sr₃Cl₂CBN crystallizes isotypic with Ca₃Cl₂CBN in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with a = 1448.4(2) pm b = 405.46(5) pm, c = 1170.0(1) pm. The lattice constants of Ca₃Br₂CBN and Sr₃Cl₂CBN were determined by orthorhombic indexing of the powder patterns (Ca₃Br₂CBN: a = 1444.3(2) pm, b = 390.64(6) pm, c = 1139.2(2) pm; Sr₃Cl₂CBN: a = 1444.0(4) pm, b = 405.27(8) pm, c = 1167.8(2) pm). There was no success in preparing homologues with Barium.     

Ca3Cl2CBN,eine Verbindung mit dem neuen Anion CBN4−

Ca₃Cl₂CBN, a Compound with the New CBN^4? Unit The new compound Ca₃Cl₂CBN was obtained from the reaction of Ca and CaCl₂ with CaCN₂, B and C or with BN and C, in sealed tantalum containers at 900°C. The crystal structure is related with the structure of Ca₃Cl₂C₃ whereas the C₃^4? units (C_2v symmetry) are substituted by isoelectronic CBN^4? anions (C_s symmetry): Ca₃Cl₂CBN, Pnma, a = 1 386.7(9) pm, b = 384.7(3) pm, c = 1 124.7(6) pm, Z = 4; R = 0.055, R_w = 0.036 for 380 independent intensities. The CBN^4? units are located between layers of Ca²⁺ that are interconnected by Cl^?. The bond angle (C? B? N) is 176° and bond distances are d_{C? B} = 144 pm and d_{B? N} = 138 pm, respectively.