Dosimetric comparison of water phantoms,ion chambers,and data acquisition modes for LINAC characterization

PurposeIn this study a dosimetric comparison utilizing continuous data acquisition and discrete data acquisition is examined using IBA Blue Phantom (IBA Dosimetry, Schwarzenbruck, Germany) and PTW (PTW, Freiberg, Germany) MP3-M water tanks. The tanks were compared according to several factors including set up time, ease of use, and data acquisition times. A tertiary objective is to study the response of several ionization chambers in the two tanks examined.MethodsMeasurements made using a Varian 23EX LINAC (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) include PDDs and beam profiles for various field sizes with IBA CC13, PTW Semiflex 31010, PTW Pinpoint N31016, and PTW 31013 ion chambers for photons (6, 18 MV) and electrons (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 MeV). Radial and transverse profile scans were done at depths of maximum dose, 5 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm using the same set of tanks and detectors for the photon beams. Radial and transverse profile scans were done at depth of maximum dose for the electron beams on the same tanks and chambers. Data processing and analysis was performed using PTW's MEPHYSTO Navigator software and IBA's OmniPro Accept version 6.6 for the respective water tank systems.ResultsPDD values agree to within 1% and dmax to within 1 mm for the PTW MP3-M tank using PTW 31010 and Blue Phantom using IBA CC13 chamber, respectively and larger discrepancy with the PTW PinPoint N31016 chamber at 6 MV. With respect to setup time the PTW MP3-M and IBA Blue phantom tank took about 20 and 40 min, respectively. Scan times were longer by 5–15 min per field size in the PTW MP3-M tank for the square field sizes from 1 cm to 40 cm as compared to the IBA Blue phantom. However, data processing times were higher by 7 min per field size with the IBA system.ConclusionsTank measurements showed little deviation with the higher energy photons as compared to the lower energy photons with regards to the PDD measurements. Chamber construction as well as tank set up may be causing the slight deviation in data. It is important to identify the exact source of the potential errors to ensure that proper tank usage is performed when making such measurements to ensure that patient safety is in compliance. Beam profiles done with different chambers and tanks showed little to no deviation from one to another. With regards to continuous versus discrete data measurements the main difference was in the data processing technique used. Discrete data obtained required less data processing as compared to the continuous data acquired.     

The potential of mass spectrometry to study iron-containing proteins used in clinical diagnosis

Many proteins contain iron as metal ion either within their own structures or bound to their active sites. These iron-containing proteins are involved in numerous biological processes and some of them serve as biomarkers of clinical pathologies, not only related to iron homeostasis but also to other physiological disorders. Thus, a variety of analytical strategies have been developed over the last years in order to conduct studies on Fe-containing proteins. Among them, mass spectrometric (MS) methods still remain as preferred tools since they provide the capabilities of structure elucidation together with quantitative possibilities. Therefore, in this work we have tried to summarize the most recent applications of elemental and molecular mass spectrometric-based methods for the characterization (mostly qualitative but quantitative in some cases) of the high abundant Fe-containing proteins used for clinical diagnosis.