Palladium on magnetic Irish moss: A new nano‐biocatalyst for suzuki type cross‐coupling reactions

A novel heterogeneous magnetic palladium nano‐biocatalyst was designed by utilizing Irish moss, a family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from algae, as a natural biopolymer. This magnetic Irish moss decorated with palladium (Pd–Fe₃O₄@IM) to form a biomagnetic catalytic system was synthesized and well characterized by FT–IR analysis, X‐ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The catalyst was stable to air and moisture and displayed high catalytic activity in ligand‐free Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions conducted under green chemistry reaction conditions. The aromatic ketones are produced by the cross‐coupling reaction between acid chlorides and aryl boronic acid derivatives in high yields.     

气相色谱-质谱法分析橡苔浸膏中的挥发性化学成分

用挥发油提取器提取橡苔浸膏中的挥发油 ,利用气相色谱 -质谱法 ( GC- MS)分析了其中的化学成分 ,采用GC峰面积归一化法定量 ,鉴定出 2 4种化合物 ,共占挥发油总量的 83%以上     

Two-step isolation of the two major paraconic acids of Cetraria islandica

The lichen Cetraria islandica is traditionally used as a demulcent for the symptomatic treatment of irritations of the mouth and throat and associated dry cough, as well as for the treatment of temporary loss of appetite. In addition to depsides and depsidones, thalli contain paraconic acids, a group of secondary metabolites commonly found in lichens and fungi. Among those, protolichesterinic acid has shown promising pharmacological activities. However, the efficient isolation of paraconic acids is quite complex due to their very similar chemical structures and their weak ultraviolet absorption. In the present work, a two-step isolation protocol of protolichesterinic acid and lichesterinic acid from a complex paraconic acid mixture is described using Sephadex LH20 column chromatography and fast centrifugal partition chromatography. Final purities higher than 95% and recoveries above 50% are achieved. Additionally, reliable qualitative techniques for detecting and differentiating paraconic acids are described. Finally, some data on compound stability and enantiomeric purity are shown.     

Nuclear Activation Methods in the Estimation of Environmental Pollution and the Assessment of the Industrial Plant Impact on the Citizens of Gdansk (Poland)

Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) is a sensitive analytical technique useful for performing both qualitative and quantitative multi-element analysis of major, minor, and trace elements in samples from almost every conceivable field of scientific or technical interest. The NAA method was applied to estimate the atmospheric air quality assessment based on the analytical investigation of rainwater composition in comparison to a moss biomonitoring study performed in selected urban areas of Gdańsk, Poland, during the half-year of exposure. The main objectives of this project were: comparison of dry and alive moss abilities to bioaccumulate inorganic pollutants; and, detection and identification of natural and anthropogenic pollutant sources in this region. An impact of Gdansk Phosphatic Fertilizer Plant “Fosfory,” Poland, on occupational staff and citizens living near the plant has also been examined. The elements, Al, As, Au, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Dy, I, In, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, S, Sb, Sm, U, V, and Zn, have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in the indoor workplace air; in urine, hair, and toenails collected from workers and persons living in a neighborhood near the plant; and from people from the control group not connected with the plant in any way. Analyses of hair and nails was performed at the Interfaculty Reactor Institute in Delft, The Neatherlands, at a 2MW swimming-pool nuclear reactor and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. The essential differences in concentrations of elements for workers and control group were evaluated using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-tests. Significant differences between workers/citizens of the factory neighborhood and the control group were found for some elements (i.e., Mg, Sb, S, and V), but in the base of these differences, it is hard to define if the factory impact exists. An impact of Federeal-Mogul BIMET S.A. in Gdansk, the biggest manufacturer of slide bearings in Poland, on occupational staff has been also examined. The concentrations of Cu and Pb are much higher in samples taken from workers then from the control group. These results also indicated that hair and toenail samples are useful in the evaluation of that impact. Workers of the slide bearing factory are occupationally exposed to elements, which can be harmful to their health.     

The Application of Active Biomonitoring with the Use of Mosses to Identify Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Atmospheric Aerosol

The use of biological indicators of environmental quality is an alternative method of monitoring ecosystem pollution. Various groups of contaminants, including organic ones, can be measured in environmental samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have not yet been determined by the moss bag technique. This technique uses several moss species simultaneously in urban areas to select the best biomonitoring of these compounds, which are dangerous to humans and the environment. In this research, a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the determination of selected PAHs in three species of mosses: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax and Dicranum polysetum (active biomonitoring) and for comparison using an air filter reference method for atmospheric aerosol monitoring. The chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII) was also measured to assess changes in moss viability during the study. As a result of the study, the selective accumulation of selected PAHs by mosses was found, with Pleurozium schreberi being the best bioindicator—9 out of 13 PAHs compounds were determined in this species. The photosynthetic yield of photosystem (II) decreased by 81% during the exposure time. The relationship between PAHs concentrations in mosses and the total suspended particles (TSP) on the filter indicated the possibility of using this bioindicator to trace PAHs in urban areas and to apply the moss bag technique as a method supporting classical instrumental air monitoring.     

Analysis of Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes in Peat moss Greenhouse Soils and Agriculture Mud in Egypt

In this work, the activity concentrations (radioactivity) and distributions of natural radionuclides in peat moss samples were investigated. The measurements were performed using HP-Ge detector and XRD technique. The samples represent six types of soils. The concentrations of radionuclides of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K are ranged from 17.14 to 130.83, 13.19 to 26.09, 5.33 to 25.2 and 143.26 to 600.31 Bq · kg^–1 (dry weight), respectively, for the different samples. This work also highlights that no correlation has been observed between radionuclides present in the samples, which in turn reflects the random method behind the preparation of the samples. The obtained results from the XRD analysis were in good agreement with radiometry measurements. The safety of peat moss uses was limited for certain agricultural crops due to the presence of high percent of sulphur in some types of soil. The radon concentration calculated using the empirical formula is more accurate than those obtained from the manual measurements and significant values were expected to emanate from the samples under investigation.     

小兴安岭改造后森林沼泽植物主要微量元素的研究

小兴安岭改造后森林沼泽是兴安落叶松－泥炭藓沼泽经挖沟排水改造而成。测试分析沼泽植物中有微量元素２０余种，对植物生长发育最有影响的元素有锰，锌，硼，钴，铜。它们在植物体内的含量有明显差异。但也有共生，即锰－锌－硼－铜－钴。植物各器官的主要微量元素含量亦不同，器官听微量元素含量的时序变化规律明显，随季节变化而变化。     

Determination of calcium, iron and manganese in moss by automated discrete sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry as an alternative to the ICP-MS analysis

An automated, fast and reliable procedure has been developed for flame atomic absorption analysis of Ca, Fe and Mn in moss. The method is suitable for routine analysis of a large number of moss samples and allows sequential determination of all three elements in the same solution. In order to inhibit the matrix interference on Ca and to level the diverse analytical behaviour of the moss matrix, approximately 1% La was added to both samples and standard solutions as well. An integrated system of ‘sandwich-type’ air segmented discrete sample introduction and flame atomic absorption detection (ASDI-FAAS) was successfully applied. It works at ‘solvent-air-sample-air-solvent’ mode, which tolerates the introduction of high salt content solutions, reduces reagent and sample consumption and allows the application of data treatment models to pseudo-steady state signals for bettering the repeatability. For moss samples containing high Ca and Fe concentrations, equivalent procedure was used by turned on 45° burner head without worsening the analytical characteristics. Concerning these three elements, the method is suggested as a cheaper, easier and more trustworthy alternative with a better precision to the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) one. The ASDI-FAAS results were used for selection of appropriate isotopes and correction procedures for ICP-MS determination. Both methods show good agreement of the Ca, Fe and Mn results that correspond to the moss reference materials tested.     

原位显微红外法检测热胁迫对荒漠植物刺叶墙藓质膜透性的影响

利用显微红外光谱法研究了不同生境下的刺叶墙藓质膜结构及其热胁迫耐性机理。从酯酰基、碳氢化合物红外吸收区域分析表明,刺叶墙藓野生叶片通过加快组织内部碳氢化合物合成速度,减少质膜渗透性,减轻高温对质膜胁迫损伤;室内培养的原丝体和新叶不能及时对热胁迫产生影响。     

Characterization of Heavy Metal Air Pollution in Romania Using Moss Biomonitoring,Neutron Activation Analysis,and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal air pollution in Romania was investigated by using passive moss biomonitoring. This study is a component of an international UNECE ICP Vegetation Program – moss survey. A total of 330 samples of Hypnum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, and other mosses were collected in Romania in the summer and autumn of 2010. The concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, vanadium, and zinc were determined by graphite furnace/flame atomic absorption spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results were statistically processed to obtain spatial distribution maps of factor scores based on elemental concentrations in the moss, together with the spatial distribution maps of heavy metals in moss. The median concentrations of cadmium, 1.20?mg/kg dry weight, and lead, 30.8?mg/kg dry weight, were high compared with other European countries. The results revealed that the atmospheric deposition of these metals is a problem in north and northwest Romania.