微乳液进样-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定生物柴油及其原料菜籽油中铅含量

生物柴油作为一种替代能源,以其良好的可再生性和环境友好性受到世界各国的关注,同时燃料中铅污染也日益引起人们的重视,因此测定生物柴油及其原料菜籽油中铅的含量具有重要的意义.建立了微乳液进样-石墨炉原子吸收法测定油样中铅含量的新方法.以聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚为乳化剂,正丁醇为助乳化剂,NH4H2PO4为基体改进剂,研究了微乳液的稳定性和微乳化剂配比对测定结果的影响,优化了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定条件.研究表明,当20%聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚:正丁醇:油样:水相:0.1:8.9:0.5.0.5(ψ)时,体系能形成稳定的微乳液.本方法的检出限为126.2μg·L-1,样品平均回收率在81.8%～109.0%之间,相对标准偏差为5.84%.该法用于实际油样的测定,结果令人满意.     

Producing fuel and specialty chemicals from the slow pyrolysis of poultry DAF skimmings

The production of bio-oil via the slow pyrolysis of dissolved air flotation (DAF) skimmings from poultry processing is described. The raw DAF skimmings were characterized for physicochemical properties and for thermal behavior (TGA). The bio-oil was produced in a batch pyrolysis system at varying temperatures between 400 and 700 °C to study the effect of temperature on product yield. The fatty acids in the bio-oil produced displayed a high degree of saturation that caused the bio-oil to have poor cold flow properties (high cloud point and viscosity) so a solvent extraction scheme was devised to extract a bio-oil fraction rich in unsaturated fatty acids that could be further esterified into a bio-diesel and fatty nitriles that could be further processed into surfactants. This ethyl acetate-soluble fraction demonstrated much improved cold flow properties as well as lower water content and a higher HHV. The esterification of this soluble fraction was performed using methanol and sulfuric acid as an acid catalyst and the formation of fatty acid methyl esters was verified using GC/MS and FT-IR.