三种类型汽车的能耗和使用成本的建模研究

本文对电动,传统,混合动力三种类型汽车的能耗和使用成本问题进行了建模、求解及分析．首先定义了电动汽车的能量利用率ηE。根据能量守恒将所有电量转换成汽油消耗量,而传统车型则直接反映到汽油的消耗上,混合动力汽车则综合电动汽车和传统汽车的能耗模型,从而统一能耗水平评价标准．这样,我们就得到了三种不同类型车的能耗模型再进行模型求解以此来分析比较三种类型车哪一种节能效果好．对电动汽车来说,使用成本主要包括驾驶维护成本、报废处理成本,而对传统汽车来说,使用成本主要包括驾驶维护成本、报废处理成本、环境成本和其他成本,混合动力汽车则结合二者使用成本．因此,根据不同车型使用成本类型建立相应的数学模型,按照建立的公式,可以得到电动汽车的使用成本LCC1、传统汽车的使用成本LCC2和混合动力汽车的使用成本LCC3,从而进行模型求解．     

SSZ-33分子筛的合成、表征及其对汽车尾气中碳氢化合物的捕集性能

采用碘化N,N,N-三甲基-8-氨基-三环[5.2.1.02.6]癸烷为结构导向剂, 通过过程控制方法, 经3-4 d成功合成了高性价比的B-SSZ-33分子筛. 以B-SSZ-33为母体, 经过Al(NO3)3溶液后处理制得了Al-SSZ-33分子筛. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱, 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 热重(TG)分析, 电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES), N2吸附/脱附, 27Al核磁共振(27Al NMR)和NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等手段对合成的B-SSZ-33、Al-SSZ-33样品进行了物理化学性能表征. 并以甲苯作为汽车尾气中碳氢化合物的探针分子, 通过甲苯程序升温脱附测试来考察样品的碳氢捕集性能. 结果表明: 后处理过程中Al同晶取代B, 从而制得了含骨架Al的Al-SSZ-33; 在甲苯的程序升温脱附测试中, 由于Al-SSZ-33相对于B-SSZ-33具有较强的酸性位, 且表面孔口由于骨架外硅铝物种的修饰, 限制了甲苯的扩散, 致使脱附速率最大时的温度(Tmax)和脱附最终的温度(Tend)均升高, 从而形成了新型汽车尾气捕集催化剂的雏形.     

Platinum group metals bulk analysis in automobile catalyst recycling material by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Development and application of an in-situ applicable method to provide rapid determination of platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, and rhodium) elemental concentration in automobile catalyst scrap is reported. Application is based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Actual automobile catalyst slurry in powder form was used to develop the application. With a method requiring approximately 1.5 min of examination per sample, calibration curves are presented with linear regression coefficients close to 0.99 and stability better than 3.0%.     

Psychoacoustics of in-car switch buttons: From feelings to engineering parameters

The car interior is becoming quieter and other sounds are now exposed to user perception, such as the sound produced by interface buttons when actuated. So, the functional role of the button sound on interface operation and its aesthetic and emotional role on the user experience are now more important than before. However, little research and design effort has been paid to understand how to design buttons that produce a pleasant sound. Moreover, the button’s sound requirements received by interface manufacturers are ill-defined, insufficient or even inexistent, and consequently their conversion into specifications for manufacturing is problematic and leads to long and costly development processes. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to identify relevant acoustic parameters that explain the users sound preferences. Data on preference subjective judgments were collected and buttons acoustic signals were measured allowing the development of preference models based on partial least squares regression and neural networks methods. The former was successful in selecting the relevant parameters to describe the preference ratings of the buttons sound. The later, dealing with the non-linear nature of acoustic perception, was able to predict preferences based on the relevant parameters.     

甲醇燃料车尾气净化催化剂的研究Ⅰ.氧含量对钯催化剂上甲醇低温深度氧化性能的影响

甲醇燃料车尾气净化催化剂的研究Ⅰ．氧含量对钯催化剂上甲醇低温深度氧化性能的影响朱兵汪仁（华东理工大学工业催化研究所，上海２００２３７）关键词甲醇燃料，汽车尾气，深度氧化，钯催化剂，氧含量甲醇作为车用汽油代用燃料已在美国、日本、德国等发达工业国家...     

A penalty function-based random search algorithm for optimal control of switched systems with stochastic constraints and its application in automobile test-driving with gear shifts

Practical industrial process is usually a dynamic process including uncertainty. Stochastic constraints can be used for industrial process modeling, when system sate and/or control input constraints cannot be strictly satisfied. Thus, optimal control of switched systems with stochastic constraints can be available to address practical industrial process problems with different modes. In general, obtaining an analytical solution of the optimal control problem is usually very difficult due to the discrete nature of the switching law and the complexity of stochastic constraints. To obtain a numerical solution, this problem is formulated as a constrained nonlinear parameter selection problem (CNPSP) based on a relaxation transformation (RT) technique, an adaptive sample approximation (ASA) method, a smooth approximation (SA) technique, and a control parameterization (CP) method. Following that, a penalty function-based random search (PFRS) algorithm is designed for solving the CNPSP based on a novel search rule-based penalty function (NSRPF) method and a novel random search (NRS) algorithm. The convergence results show that the proposed method is globally convergent. Finally, an optimal control problem in automobile test-driving with gear shifts (ATGS) is further extended to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by taking into account some stochastic constraints. Numerical results show that compared with other typical methods, the proposed method is less conservative and can obtain a stable and robust performance when considering the small perturbations in initial system state. In addition, to balance the computation amount and the numerical solution accuracy, a tolerance setting method is also provided by the numerical analysis technique.     

Quick Profile Die Balancing of Automotive Rubber Seal Extrusion by CAE Technology

The extrusion process of a type of automotive rubber seal was considered by using Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) technology. Based on the die balancing requirement, CAE technology was utilized to speed up the die development and balancing process. The rubber material was EPDM and unacceptable extrusion deformation was found by using a parallel die. More balancing dies were then designed following the procedures proposed by the die balancing method and the effect of them was evaluated with respect to CAE analytical results. It was found that the addition of an opening section in the die would provide a more uniform velocity distribution at the die exit than the parallel die. The length of opening section was also found to affect the die balancing and so an optimum length of the opening section was determined by CAE analysis. Further optimization of the die was carried out by adjusting the local length of the opening section. Finally, a real die was cut based on the optimization results and used for production. Ideal profile products were obtained and very small and acceptable deviation from the die was observed, which validated the advantage and accuracy of CAE technology combined with die balancing requirement.     

薄膜型声学超材料的结构设计与隔声特性

为探讨薄膜型声学超材料用于汽车前围声学包、提高其中低频隔声能力的可行性,设计一种米字摆臂多质量块薄膜型声学超材料,构建其隔声分析有限元模型,分析其隔声特性及影响因素,开展结构优化及其在汽车前围声学包上的应用探索。研究表明,所设计的薄膜型声学超材料单胞在中低频区域具有较宽的隔声频带;增加薄膜上质量块半径或厚度会使传声损失曲线整体向低频区域移动,且质量块半径的增加还会拓宽高频区域的隔声频带;增加薄膜厚度或预应力会使传声损失曲线整体向高频区域移动;优化后的薄膜型声学超材料与钢板组合应用于汽车前围板,可明显提高其中低频隔声能力。