Positive photosensitive polyimides with cyclobutane structure

A new family of positive photosensitive polyimide (PPI) systems composed of solvent soluble polyimides (Pls) with cyclobutane (CBDA) structures and diazonaphthoquinone compounds (DNQ) has been prepared. Heat and catalytic imidizations were carried out to obtain CBDA Pls; the former was better than the latter in controlling the molecular weight of the Pl. The ? OH groups in the Pls were easily acetylated during catalytic imidization, so ? COOH groups were selected as weak acidic groups in the Pls. The ? COOH groups were also effective in giving the Pls an alkaline solubility. Therefore, Pls having ? COOH groups were superior to those having ? OH groups for PPI systems. The photosensitive properties of various PPl systems containing ? COOH were found to vary with the fraction of ? COOH groups in the Pls, the content of DNQ in the systems, and the molecular weight of the Pls.     

Effect of BaBiO3 and Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 additives on the rechargeability of manganese oxide cathodes in alkaline cells

The effect of the incorporation of small amounts (1–5 wt%) of semiconducting BaBiO₃ and metallic Ba_0.6K_0.4BiO₃ additives on the rechargeability of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) cathodes in alkaline cells in the one-electron regime has been investigated. Both the BaBiO₃ and Ba_0.6K_0.4BiO₃ additives lead to better cyclability compared to the previously known binary oxide additive Bi₂O₃. X-ray diffraction patterns recorded before and after 30 cycles as well as cyclic voltammograms recorded after first and 30 cycles reveal that the better cyclability in the presence of BaBiO₃ and Ba_0.6K_0.4BiO₃ additives is due to the suppression of the formation of unwanted, electrochemically inactive birnessite and hausmannite phases and a shifting of the second-electron capacity of Mn to higher potentials.     

阳、阴、非离子表面活性剂胶束对酯碱性水解的影响

应用紫外分光光度法和热动力学方法研究了芳香酸酯和正脂肪酸酯在表面活性剂ＤＴＡＢ、ＴＴＡＢ、ＣＴＡＢ、ＳＤＳ、Ｂｒｉｊ３５、ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００胶束中的碱性水解反应。阳、阴、非离子表面活性剂胶束对酯的碱性水解均有禁阻作用。讨论了胶束对酯碱性水解禁阻作用的原因。     

Potentiodynamic and cyclic voltammetric behaviour of a lead electrode in NaOH solution

Summary The electrochemical behaviour of lead in NaOH solution was studied by potentiodynamic and cyclic voltammetric techniques in combination with X-ray diffraction analysis. The active dissolution of lead involves a small shoulderA1 followed by a peakA1 prior to a passive region. The shoulderA1 is assigned to the electroformation of a Pb(OH)₂ film, whereas peakA1 is due to the formation of PbO. Beyond the passive region, the current density increases again, forming a small shoulderA2 and a peakA2 prior to the oxygen evolution potential. The shoulderA2 and the peakA2 are correlated to the electrooxidation of PbO to Pb₃O₄ and PbO₂, respectively. The intensity of the anodic peaks increases with increasing alkali concentration, temperature and scan rate. In cyclic voltammetry, the reverse scan shows two cathodic peaksC1 andC2 which are correlated to the electroreduction of PbO and PbO₂ respectively, to Pb.

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Potentiodynamisches und cyclovoltammetrisches Verhalten einer Bleielektrode in NaOH-Lösung

Zusammenfassung Das elektrochemische Verhalten von Blei in NaOH wurde mittels potentiodynamischer und cyclovoltammetrischer Techniken unter Zuhilfenahme der Röntgenbeugungsanalyse untersucht. Die aktive Auflösung von Blei verläuft über eine SchulterA1, die von einem einer passiven Region vorgelagerten PeakA1 gefolgt wird. Die SchulterA1 wird der elektrochemischen Bildung eines Pb(OH)₂-Films, der PeakA1 der Bildung von PbO zugeschrieben. Jenseits der passiven Region steigt die Stromdichte wieder an, und vor Erreichen des Sauerstoffpotentials treten eine kleine SchulterA2 und ein PeakA2 auf, die mit der Elektrooxidation von PbO zu Pb₃O₄ und PbO₂ korrelieren. Analog dazu beobachtet man in der cyclischen Voltammetrie zwei kathodische PeaksC1 undC2, die der Elektroreduktion von PbO und PbO₂ zu Pb entsprechen. Die Intensität der anodischen Peaks steigt mit steigender Alkalikonzentration, Temperatur und Scangeschwindigkeit.

     

Microfabricated bioreactor chips for immobilised enzyme assays

A microfabricated device is reported that has been designed to permit the in situ packing of a section of channel with enzyme immobilised onto controlled pore glass (CPG). It is fabricated from glass and polydimethylsiloxane and to prevent dead volumes, has dedicated channels for packing the reactor. The device has the advantage of being simple in design, the flow through enzyme reactor channel being simply a widened section of the analyte channel. The system is suitable for both hydrodynamic and electro-osmotic pumping, and is designed such that when the packing is exhausted it can be repacked. Controlled pore glass provides a reproducible none swelling, high porosity medium onto which the enzyme could be immobilised. The large particle size meant that it was vital to optimise the immobilisation procedure in order to achieve acceptable enzyme activity. The microfabricated device was developed with two enzymes of different molecular masses; alkaline phosphatase and xanthine oxidase. The pore size of the CPG was found to be very important for xanthine oxidase, where the 697 Å pore size (120-200 mesh) CPG was found to give the highest activity (18-20% activity retained after immobilisation). The microfabricated device was used for the assay of p-nitrophenyl phosphate and hypoxanthine with spectrophotometric detection at 405 and 470 nm, respectively. The limits of detection were 5 and 8 μM, respectively.     

Studies on alkaline protease produced by Bacillus sp. NG312

An alkalophilic hyperproducer of alkaline protease, Bacillus sp. NG312, was isolated, and the enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 11.0 and 60°C. The temperature optimum was increased by 10°C in presence of Ca²⁺. The crudeenzyme was found to have half-life of 11 d at 37°C and maximum stability at pH 9.0–10.0. It also exhibited very good stability in presence of detergent components and some locally available commericial detergent powders.     

Ion chromatographic determination of alkali and alkaline earth metals in mineral waters

Summary The rapid, simultaneous, suppressed ion chromatographic determination of alkali, alkaline earth metals and ammonium in highly mineralized waters has been examined using the novel cation exchange IonPac CS12 column. General ability for the determination of lithium, sodium, ammounium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and strontium in concentrations from a few g to several mg per liter was studied. The relative standard deviations of retention times of all seven cations were below 0.7% and the relative standard deviations of the measurements of peak areas and peak heights were mostly below 5%. Six natural mineral waters of different types were selected for evaluation of the method. It was not possible to determine lithium in the one run and ammonium usually partially coelutes with sodium precluding quantitative determination. Strontium was undetectable because of the necessary dilutions. All the reltionships between peak areas and concentrations or peak height and concentrations were linear and there was also no evidence of the effect of different matrices on the slope of regression lines.     

乙酰水扬酸在CTAB胶束溶液中的水解反应

乙酰水扬酸(阿斯匹林)具有较高的药用价值,对它的性质有较多的研究,如在水中的稳定性和水解等。乙酰水扬酸有一个脂键和一个羰基。脂键易水解,水解后药用价值虽未降低,但有很大的副作用,因而研究抑制乙酰水扬酸水解是很有意义的。本文用RD—Ⅲ型热导式自动量热计研究了在十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)胶束溶液中乙酰水扬酸的水解反应热动力学。     

Flow amperometric detection of indigo for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with use of screen-printed electrodes

A simple and automated methodology for a sensitive electrochemical detection of enzyme immunoassays that employ alkaline phosphatase (AP) as label has been developed. A flow injection system with programmable pump, valve and cell functions, amperometric detection of indigo and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are responsible for the advantages of this methodology. Amperometric detection at a low potential of indigo, the product of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate 3-indoxyl phosphate (IP), is combined with a flow injection system. This incorporates in the flow cell a disposable screen-printed board provided with a graphite working electrode. No electrode pretreatment is necessary to obtain reproducible signals. The system was applied to the determination by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of pneumolysin (PLY), a toxin related to respiratory infections. Linear calibration curves for low and high concentration ranges were obtained. These were also performed in a proteic matrix and linearity was also obtained.     

Über die Verdampfungsthermodynamik und die Bildungsenthalpien von CaSe,SrSe und BaSe

On the Thermodynamics of Vaporization and the Enthalpies of Formation of CaSe, SrSe and BaSe The congruent vaporization of the solid compounds CaSe, SrSe and BaSe of stoichiometric composition was studied over the temperature ranges 1832?2138 K, 1862?2122 K and 1860?2158 K, respectively, by the Knudsen effusion weight-loss method. Using enthalpy and entropy data from the literature for gaseous M, MSe, Se₂ and Se (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) and estimated data for the standard entropies and enthalpy functions of solid MSe, it can be shown that within the given temperature ranges CaSe and SrSe vaporize predominatly to the atomic species, while in case of BaSe the mode of vaporization to the atoms and to the molecular species BaSe are of about equal importance. The Se₂-content of the gas phase is very small in all cases. The following second and third law enthalpies and entropies (indices II and III respectively) were derived for the vaporization to the gaseous elements: see “Inhaltsübersicht”. The following standard enthalpies of formation of MSe(s) were derived from the third law enthalpies (in kJ · mol^?1): CaSe: ?445 ± 44; SrSe: ?451 ± 42; BaSe: ?467 ± 44.