束晕-混沌的复杂性理论与控制方法及其应用前景

本文系统论述涉及强流加速器等强流离子束装置中产生的束晕-混沌的复杂性理论与控制方法及其应用前景。强流离子束在核材料生产与增殖、洁净核能、放射性废物嬗变、放射性药物生产、重离子聚变、高能物理、核科学与工程、国防与民用工业和医疗等许多方面都有极其重要的应用潜力和诱人的发展前景。尤其是，近年来强流加速器驱动的放射性洁净核能系统是国内外关注的热门课题，因为它比常规核电更安全、更干净、更便宜。但是，强流离子束形成的束晕-混沌的复杂性现象已引起了国内外广泛关注，需要加以抑制、控制和消除这类现象，解决这一难题已经成为强流离子束应用中的关键问题之一。目前不仅必须深入研究这类束晕-混沌的复杂特性及其产生的物理机制，而且需要研究如何实现对束晕-混沌的有效控制，并寻求和发展其新理论、新方法和新技术。这就向强流离子束物理和非线性-复杂性科学及其技术提出了一系列极富挑战性的新课题。本文结合国内外的研究概况，根据我们多年来的研究成果，特别是我们首创性地提出了一些束晕-混沌的有效控制方法，它们包括：非线性反馈控制法，小波反馈控制法，变结构控制法，延迟反馈控制法，参数自适应控制法等，进行重点的介绍。对上述课题当前的主要进展及相关问题进行系统的总结和比较全面综述的评论。最后，指出该领域今后的研究方向，以推动这个崭新领域的深入研究和应用发展。     

p+209Bi核反应微观数据的理论计算

利用光学模型、激光模型、蒸发模型及扭曲波玻恩近似理论,对入射能量从阈能到300MeV,p+²⁰⁹Bi的中子反应截面、剩余核截面、出射粒子的多重数进行了理论计算及分析,并将计算结果与实验数据进行了比较.同时得到一组能量到50?0MeV与实验数据符合很好的光学势参数.     

Paper-like Microfibrous Nickel Catalyst for Hydrogen Production via NH3 Decomposition in Fuel Cell Applications

Recently, miniature H2 generator to power fuel cells for portable/micro electronic devices and passenger propulsion has been the focus of intense research activities1-3. One of the strategies is to find simple CO-free H2 production with novel microreactor…     

对加速器驱动洁净核能系统散裂靶问题的探讨

简述了加速器驱动洁净核能靶系统的研究现状和存在的问题，对进一步可开展的工作提出了建议． The present status of the study on the neutron production rate, the neutron energy spectrum and the radiative nuclear production from the target spallation in accelerator driven clean nuclear system is presented. The Monto Carlo simulation and the related physics are also discussed. Their further improvement and the suggestions for the work to be done in China are proposed.     

制氢催化剂研究进展

随着化石燃料的日趋枯竭和其带来的环境问题，人们迫切需要更有效的利用化石燃料及开发清洁、价廉的新能源．氢以其储量丰富、清洁、高效、便于运输、环境友好等特点在新能源开发中脱颖而出．氢气用于燃料电池，其化学能一电能转化比内燃机高3～4倍，因此欧、美、日等国家投入了大量的人力和财力开发高效燃料电池，并且将此种电源应用于汽车、宇宙飞船和航天飞机．日本电气公司（NEC）已开发出笔记本电脑专用燃料电池．     

CoOx改性TiO2光催化剂的制备、优化及其光催化分解水析氢性能研究

利用热分解法制备了不同掺杂量的CoO_x-TiO₂系列光催化剂, 并优化了制备方法。在用XRD、TEM和XPS等技术对催化剂表征的基础上，探讨了乙醇作为电子给体时CoO_x改性对P25-TiO₂光催化分解水析氢性能的影响。本文还利用连续瞬态电流-时间响应和循环伏安法等电化学方法，考察了CoO_x-TiO₂改性系列光催化剂光照条件下电流响应强度、起始光电响应特性差别及光催化析氢电位变化等光电化学性能。光催化性能实验结果表明，适当掺杂CoO_x(110～400 ℃焙烧时最佳掺杂量约为0.4wt% Co，500 ℃焙烧时最佳掺杂量约为0.6～0.8wt% Co)能够显著地提高TiO₂析氢光催化性能，产氢速率提高2个数量级。另外在适当温度下的热处理，能够改善催化剂光催化性能(最佳处理温度为300～400 ℃)。光电化学性能评价结果表明，适当掺杂CoO_x和适当温度下焙烧能在催化剂表面形成较多的析氢活性物种——含钴复合物，能有效增强催化剂光电流响应强度，并使得析氢光还原电位向有利于析氢方向位移。高含量掺杂CoO_x会在催化剂表面形成某种碳化物物种，大量含钴复合物活性中心的出现会降低光吸收效率，增加TiO₂表面光生电子-空穴复合率而使催化剂失去析氢光催化性能。     

微波辅助快速制备2D/1D ZnIn2S4/TiO2 S型异质结及其光催化制氢性能

The threat and global concern of energy crises have significantly increased over the last two decades. Because solar light and water are abundant on earth, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution through water splitting has been considered as a promising route to produce green energy. Therefore, semiconductor photocatalysts play a key role in transforming sunlight and water to hydrogen energy. To date, various photocatalysts have been studied. Among them, TiO₂ has been extensively investigated because of its non-toxicity, high chemical stability, controllable morphology, and high photocatalytic activity. In particular, 1D TiO₂ nanofibers (NFs) have attracted increasing attention as effective photocatalysts because of their unique 1D electron transfer pathway, high adsorption capacity, and high photoinduced electron–hole pair transfer capability. However, TiO₂ NFs are considered as an inefficient photocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) because of their disadvantages such as a large band gap (~3.2 eV) and fast recombination of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. Therefore, the development of a high-performance TiO₂ NF photocatalyst is required for efficient solar light conversion. In recent years, several strategies have been explored to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ NFs, including coupling with narrow-bandgap semiconductors (such as ZnIn₂S₄). Recently, microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis has been considered as an important strategy for the preparation of photocatalyst semiconductors because of its low cost, environment-friendliness, simplicity, and high reaction rate. Herein, to overcome the above-mentioned limiting properties of TiO₂ NFs, we report a 2D/1D ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ S-scheme heterojunction synthesized through a microwave (MW)-assisted process. Herein, the 2D/1D ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ S-scheme heterojunction was constructed rapidly by using in situ 2D ZnIn₂S₄nanosheets decorated on 1D TiO₂ NFs. The loading of ZnIn₂S₄ nanoplates on the TiO₂ NFs could be easily controlled by adjusting the molar ratios of ZnIn₂S₄ precursors to TiO₂ NFs. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples for water splitting under simulated solar light irradiation was assessed. The experimental results showed that the photocatalytic performance of the ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ composites was significantly improved, and the obtained ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ composites showed increased optical absorption. Under optimal conditions, the highest HER rate of the ZT-0.5 (molar ratio of ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂= 0.5) sample was 8774 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, which is considerably higher than those of pure TiO₂ NFs (3312 μmol·g^-1·h^-1) and ZnIn₂S₄nanoplates (3114 μmol·g^-1·h^-1) by factors of 2.7 and 2.8, respectively. Based on the experimental data and Mott-Schottky analysis, a possible mechanism for the formation of the S-scheme heterojunction between ZnIn₂S₄ and TiO₂ was proposed to interpret the enhanced HER activity of the ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂heterojunctionphotocatalysts.      

分解水制氢的KNO3—I2循环之研究：Ⅲ.代替电解反应的一个子循环

本文提出了一个硫酸中间盐子循环用以代替分解水制氢的KNO_3-I_2混合循环中的电解反应,从而使原混合循环变为一个纯热化学循环。     

可见光化的半导体光催化剂

光解水制氢能否实用化取决于太阳光的有效利用率, 研究开发可见光化的光催化剂成为当前光催化剂研究中的重要课题.本文介绍了利用 光解水制氢的反应机理,综述了近年来半导体光催化剂在利用可见光方面的研究进展,重点描述了这些光催化剂的结构,并对该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

废弃生物质在超临界水中转化制氢过程的研究

以废弃生物质转化为富氢气体为目的，使用间歇式超临界水反应器，在反应温度773 K～923 K、压力15.5 MPa～34.5 MPa停留时间1 min～30 min和Ca/C摩尔比0～0.56范围内，对木屑在超临界水条件下生成的气体组成及产率进行了考察。实验表明，Ca/C摩尔比和温度对木屑转化的影响较大。当Ca/C摩尔比为0.48时，碳的气体转化率和氢气产率提高了近一倍。温度从773 K提高到923 K，碳的气体转化率由47％提高到76％，氢气产率由4.5 mmol/g上升到6.9 mmol/g。与温度相比，停留时间和压力的影响不大。