Depth concentrations of deuterium ions implanted into some pure metals and alloys

Pure metals (Cu, Ti, Zr, V, Pd) and diluted Pd alloys (Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, Pd-Ru, Pd-Rh) were implanted by 25-keV deuterium ions at fluences in the range (1.2–2.3) × 10²² m⁻². The post-treatment depth distributions of deuterium ions were measured 10 days and three months after the implantation by using Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS). Comparison of the obtained results allowed us to make conclusions about relative stability of deuterium and hydrogen gases in pure metals and diluted Pd alloys. Very high diffusion rates of implanted deuterium ions in V and Pd pure metals and Pd alloys were observed. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed formation of nanosized defects in implanted corundum and titanium.     

The search for cosmic strangelets with the supersonic concorde and with JACEE's circumpolar balloon flight in Antarctica

The search for cosmic strangelet nuclei was carried out by two experiments with emulsion chambers. A balloon-borne JACEE emulsion chamber was flown at 3.5 g/cm² for 200 h in Antarctica (JACEE-10 experiment) and the Concorde flights were made by ECHOS at an atmospheric depth of 110 g/cm² between Paris and New York. No nuclei withZ⩾30 survived after traversing 60–120 g/cm² of the detector materials in the JACEE instruments. No evidence for a long mean free path were found in the zenith angle distribution forZ/β⩾26 nuclei. The exposure factor used by the JACEE was 72 m²hsr. The intensity upperbounds,I⩽(2.2–9.7)×10⁻²/m²h sr, were obtained for strangelets having an atmospheric attenuation length of 220−50 g/cm², which corresponds to the case for mass numberA=100–10000 andZ/β > 13. Concorde experiments (ECHOS) used both a thin and a thick emulsion chamber. The total exposure was 209 m² h sr and no candidates with chargeZ⩾30 were found. The largest track hadZ/β=28.6±1.29 withβ ∼ 1. Nuclei observed with charge 13⩽Z⩽30 were consistent with the survival intensity of ordinary nuclei. The flux bounds from the ECHOS experiments were I⩽(2.1–5.0) x 10⁻²/m²h for strangelets with mass number 100⩽A⩽1000.     

Transverse momenta of helium fragments in gold fragmentation at 10.6 GeV/nucleon

The transverse momentum (p_t) distributions of helium fragments from gold fragmentation on different nuclei of nuclear emulsion have been measured and a clear increase of average p _t with target mass is seen. The p _t distributions can be parameterized by a sum of three exponential functions of the form $\sim {\rm exp}(-p_{t}^{2}/B_{i})$ . The differences in p _t distributions in interactions on different targets can be explained by different contributions of the three exponential functions. These contributions depend on the projectile breakup in the collision, and for a given degree of the projectile breakup do not depend on the target mass.     

Comparative analysis of deuterium ions implanted and deuterium atoms saturated at high pressure in pure pd and Pd diluted alloys

Pd and its diluted alloys (Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, Pd-Ru, Pd-Rh) were implanted by 25 keV deuterium ions at a fluence interval of (1.2–2.3) × 10²² m⁻². The same property alloys were saturated by deuterium atoms using high pressure chamber during long period with temperature stabilization and electrical resistance measurement of standard Pd wire. The post-treatment depth distributions of deuterium and accompanied hydrogen atoms were measured immediately after implantation (ten days) and after definite time period (three months) after saturation with the usage of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). After two months, the measurements were repeated. The comparison of obtained results in both series of studies allowed one to make an important observation of a relative stability of deuterium and hydrogen atoms in pure Pd and its diluted alloys.     

ERD studies of D-ion depth distributions after implantation into some pure metals and alloys

This paper presents a report on experimental results of depth distributions of deuterium ions implanted with 25 keV energy at a fluence interval of (1.2–2.3) × 10²² m⁻² into samples of pure metals (Cu, Ti, Zr, V, Pd) and diluted Pd alloys (Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, Pd-Ru, Pd-Rh). The post-treatment depth distributions of deuterium and hydrogen atoms were measured within a few hours after implantation with the use of elastic recoil detection (ERD) analysis. After three months the measurements were repeated. The comparison of the obtained results in both series of studies allowed us to make an important observation of the desorption rates of implanted deuterium atoms from pure metals and diluted Pd alloys. The maximum measured concentrations of deuterium atoms in pure Zr and Ti foils with relatively small desorption rate of deuterium atoms within three months after implantation were observed. Also a very high spreading of deuterium atom distributions was observed in all the measured pure metals and alloys. It can be explained by the large diffusion coefficients of deuterium and extremely fast kinetics.     

Backward emitted protons in interactions of neutrinos with nuclei in photoemulsion

Backward emitted protons with momentump>0.3 GeV/c in interactions of neutrino in the energy range 10–200 GeV with photoemulsion nuclei were investigated. Energy spectrum slope parameter of backward protons was measured to beT ₀=48.9±7.9 MeV. TheA-dependence power index of relative mean yield of backward protons was found to bea=0.68±0.12. A drop in the mean yield of backward protons at the four momentum squared over ～15 (GeV/c)² (the neutrino energy over ～50 GeV) was observed.