Response of line focus acoustic microscope to specimen containing a subsurface crack

A numerical model is presented to calculate V(z) and V(x, z) curves for a line focus acoustic microscope and a specimen containing a subsurface crack. In this model, a Gaussian beam which is tracked through the lens into the coupling fluid and into the specimen, interacts with the crack. The numerical approach is based on the solution of singular integral equations by the boundary element method. The system of singular integral equations follows from the conditions at the interface of the coupling fluid and the specimen and on the faces of the crack. An electromechanical reciprocity relation is used to express the voltage at the terminals of the microscope's transducer in terms of the calculated incident and back-scattered fields. V(z) and V(x, z) curves are presented for various locations and orientations of the crack. The characteristic features of the V(z) and particularly the V(x, z) curves, as they relate to crack configuration, are discussed in some detail.     

Complexation of well-controlled low-molecular weight polyelectrolytes with antisense oligonucleotides

The influences of polymer-related properties such as molecular weight, charge density, counter ion, and hydrophilic block on the complexation of polyelectrolytes and a fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide (ON) were investigated. A series of well-defined and well-controlled 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) polymers and block copolymers were prepared using living anionic and radical polymerization methods. Fluorescence measurement was used to reveal the effects of polymer molecular weight, charge density, and counter ion type on the complexation. PolyDMAEMA samples having double molecular weights of the chosen oligonucleotide gave the optimal complexation performance. Kinetic studies showed that high-molecular weight/high-charge density polymer samples produced very stable complexes. The fully charged polyDMAEMA displayed the strongest binding with the ON. These complexes were therefore less sensitive to the changes in the environment. PolyDMAEMA–DMSQ samples had slightly higher complexation ability than polyDMAEMA–MCQ (DMSQ: dimethylsulfate quat; MCQ: methylchloride quat). Both poly(DMAEMA-b-HEMA) and poly(DMAEMA–MCQ-b-PEG) block copolymers showed good complexation ability and steric stability [HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; PEG: poly(ethylene glycol)]. PEG, but not HEMA block, enhanced the effectiveness of polyDMAEMA–MCQ binding with the ON.     

Hypernuclear physics at \overline{\mbox{P}} anda

Samples obtained as a result of the valleriite synthesis process under different conditions (temperature and proportion Cu:Fe:Mg in the initial mixture) were investigated by ⁵⁷Fe M?ssbauer spectroscopy with attraction data of X-ray diffraction. Parameters of hyperfine interactions for valleriite were determined and crystal chemical identification of ⁵⁷Fe subspectra was carried out. It was found that valleriite was formed in samples synthesized at 150°C and 180°C and not formed in samples synthesized at 250°C.     

Modeling for quantitative non-destructive evaluation

A quantitative approach to non-destructive evaluation (NDE) must be based on models of the measurement processes. A model's purpose is to predict, from first principles, the measurement system's response to material properties and anomalies in a material or structure. For the ultrasonic case a measurement model should include modeling of the generation, propagation and reception of ultrasonic signals, and the ultrasonic interactions that generate the system's response function. A measurement model has many benefits, which are discussed in the paper. Three examples of the productive use of quantitative modeling in conjunction with measured data are presented: the detection and sizing of fatigue cracks which emanate from weep holes in the risers of wing panels in the interior of an aircraft wing by the use of ultrasound generated on the exterior surface of the wing, the determination of the elastic constants of anisotropic thin films deposited on a substrate, and the detection and sizing of surface-breaking cracks by the use of the laser-source scanning technique for laser generated and detected ultrasound.     

Shanzhisin methyl ester gentiobioside,a new iridoid - isolation and synthesis

The title compound 1 has been isolated from $\text{Canthium subcordatum}$ and its structure deduced; 1 was synthesised from shanzhiside methyl ester.     

Extension of a crack by a shear wave

Zusammenfassung Eine ebene, unstetige, horizontal polarisierte Schubwelle breitet sich in einem brüchigen elastischen Material aus, das einen Riss enthält. In dieser Arbeit werden die Bedingungen für den Rissfortschritt untersucht, nachdem die ankommende Welle durch den Riss gebeugt wurde. Die Untersuchung besteht aus zwei Teilen. Im ersten Teil werden die Teilchengeschwindigkeiten und Schubspannungen in der Ebene des Risses infolge Beugung der Schubwelle bestimmt. Es wird dabei angenommen, dass der Riss sich sofort, oder kurz nachdem die Wellenfront die Risskante getroffen hat, mit beliebiger Geschwindigkeit ausbreitet. Im zweiten Teil wird die Energiegleichung als Kriterium für den Rissfortschritt benützt. Es wird gezeigt, dass in einem ursprünglich ungestörten Material der Riss sich nur dann sofort ausbreitet, wenn die Schubspannung eine Quadratwurzelsingularität an der Wellenfront zeigt. Wenn die Schubspannung an der Wellenfront kontinuierlich ist, dann beginnt der Rissfortschritt, kurz nachdem die Risskante getroffen wird. In einem statisch vorgespannten Material, das einen Riss enthält, kann der Rissfortschritt sofort einsetzen, wenn der Spannungsfaktor gross genug ist.

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This work was supported by the Advanced Research Project Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense through the Northwestern University Materials Research Center.