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Qian Zhang Corinna Harms Jens Mitzel Pawel Gazdzicki K. Andreas Friedrich 《Current Opinion in Electrochemistry》2022
The durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) needs to be further improved to cope with application requirements and economic competitiveness. This article highlights the challenges in the reliable determination of degradation rates and lifetime. The reliable evaluation of performance degradation rates is fundamental to quantify and benchmark durability and to allow comparisons between PEMFC durability tests performed using different materials or in different laboratories. The use of efficient recovery procedures enables the discrimination of reversible and irreversible voltage losses and facilitates the understanding of recovery mechanisms. In the end, recent contributions about lifetime diagnoses and prediction are presented, which are promising to be implemented in PEMFC applications. 相似文献
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Bächler J Bartke J Bialkowska H Bock R Brockmann R Buncic P Chase SI Derado I Eckardt V Eschke J Ferenc D Fleischmann B Foka P Fuchs M Gazdzicki M Gladysz E Harris JW Heck W Hoffmann M Jacobs PM Kabana S Kadija K Keidel R Kosiec J Kowalski M Kühmichel A Lahanas M Lee JY Ljubicic A Margetis S Morse R Nappi E Odyniec G Paic G Panagiotu AD Petridis A Piper A Posa F Poskanzer AM Pugh HG Pühlhofer F Rai G Rauch W Renfordt R Röhrich D Roland G Rothard H Runge K Sandoval A Schambach JJ Schmitz N 《Physical review letters》1994,72(10):1419-1422
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Afanasiev SV Anticic T Bächler J Barna D Barnby LS Bartke J Barton RA Betev L Bialkowska H Billmeier A Blume C Blyth CO Boimska B Botje M Bracinik J Brady FP Bramm R Brun R Buncic P Carr L Cebra D Cooper GE Cramer JG Csató P Eckardt V Eckhardt F Ferenc D Filip P Fischer HG Fodor Z Foka P Freund P Friese V Ftacnik J Gál J Gazdzicki M Georgopoulos G Gladysz E Harris JW Hegyi S Hlinka V Höhne C Igo G Ivanov M Jacobs P Janik R Jones PG Kadija K Kolesnikov VI Kollegger T Kowalski M Lasiuk B 《Physical review letters》2001,86(10):1965-1969
We present the first measurement of fluctuations from event to event in the production of strange particles in collisions of heavy nuclei. The ratio of charged kaons to charged pions is determined for individual central Pb+Pb collisions. After accounting for the fluctuations due to detector resolution and finite number statistics we derive an upper limit on genuine nonstatistical fluctuations, which could be related to a first- or second-order QCD phase transition. Such fluctuations are shown to be very small. 相似文献
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The focus of this work is to obtain detailed information about the physical composition of the individual fuel cell components in order to optimize them and increase cell durability. An approach for the ex‐situ characterization of fuel cell components, such as gas diffusion media or catalyst layers is by using XPS. In this work, we address methodic aspects of depth profiling of direct methanol fuel cell components (microporous layers and catalyst layers) using adhesive tape peel‐off with subsequent XPS analysis. By using this approach, we have successfully demonstrated cross‐over of Ru ions and possibly Pt ions from the anodic catalyst to the cathodic catalyst layer and even to the microporous layer. Moreover, our experimental results allow determining where the dissolved catalyst ions redeposit within the membrane electrode assembly. Finally, our findings suggest that cross‐over of Pt and Ru ions, observed under different operation conditions, are uncoupled. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Alber T Bächler J Bartke J Bialkowska H Bloomer MA Bock R Braithwaite WJ Brinkmann D Brockmann R Buncic P Chan P Cramer PB Cramer JG Derado I Eckardt V Eschke J Favuzzi C Ferenc D Fleischmann B Foka P Freund P Fuchs M Gazdzicki M Gladysz E Harris JW Hoffman M Jacobs P Kabana S Kadija K Kosiec J Kowalski M Kühmichel A Lahanas M Lee JY Ljubicic A Margetis S Mitchell JT Morse RJ Nappi E Odyniec G Paic G Panagiotou AD Petridis A Piper A Posa F Poskanzer AM Pühlhofer F Rauch W Renfordt R Retyk W 《Physical review letters》1995,74(8):1303-1306
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Nanosized IrOx–Ir Catalyst with Relevant Activity for Anodes of Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Produced by a Cost‐Effective Procedure
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Philipp Lettenmeier Li Wang Dr. Ute Golla‐Schindler Dr. Pawel Gazdzicki Natalia A. Cañas Michael Handl Prof. Dr. Renate Hiesgen Dr. Seyed S. Hosseiny Dr. Aldo S. Gago Prof. Dr. Kaspar A. Friedrich 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2016,55(2):742-746
We have developed a highly active nanostructured iridium catalyst for anodes of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis. Clusters of nanosized crystallites are obtained by reducing surfactant‐stabilized IrCl3 in water‐free conditions. The catalyst shows a five‐fold higher activity towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) than commercial Ir‐black. The improved kinetics of the catalyst are reflected in the high performance of the PEM electrolyzer (1 mgIr cm?2), showing an unparalleled low overpotential and negligible degradation. Our results demonstrate that this enhancement cannot be only attributed to increased surface area, but rather to the ligand effect and low coordinate sites resulting in a high turnover frequency (TOF). The catalyst developed herein sets a benchmark and a strategy for the development of ultra‐low loading catalyst layers for PEM electrolysis. 相似文献
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Chemical properties of epitaxially grown bimetallic layers may deviate substantially from the behavior of their constituents. Strain in conjunction with electronic effects due to the nearby interface represent the dominant contribution to this modification. One of the simplest surface processes to characterize reactivity of these substrates is the dissociative adsorption of an incoming homo-nuclear diatomic molecule. In this study, the adsorption of O(2) on various epitaxially grown Pt films on Ru(0001) has been investigated using infrared absorption spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Pt/Ru(0001) has been chosen as a model system to analyze the individual influences of lateral strain and of the residual substrate interaction on the energetics of a dissociative adsorption system. It is found that adsorption and dissociative sticking depends dramatically on Pt film thickness. Even though oxygen adsorption proceeds in a straightforward manner on Pt(111) and Ru(0001), molecular chemisorption of oxygen on Pt/Ru(0001) is entirely suppressed for the Pt/Ru(0001) monolayer. For two Pt layers chemisorbed molecular oxygen on Pt terraces is produced, albeit at a very slow rate; however, no (thermally induced) dissociation occurs. Only for Pt layer thicknesses N(Pt) ≥ 3 sticking gradually speeds up and annealing leads to dissociation of O(2), thereby approaching the behavior for oxygen adsorption on genuine Pt(111). For Pt monolayer films a novel state of chemisorbed O(2), most likely located at step edges of Pt monolayer islands is identified. This state is readily populated which precludes an activation barrier towards adsorption, in contrast to adsorption on terrace sites of the Pt/Ru(0001) monolayer. 相似文献
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Alber T Appelshäuser H Bächler J Bartke J Bialkowska H Bieser F Bloomer MA Blyth CO Bock R Bormann C Brady FP Brockmann R Buncic P Caines HL Cebra D Chan P Cooper GE Cramer JG Cramer PB Csato P Derado I Dunn J Eckardt V Eckhardt F Euler S Ferguson MI Fischer HG Fodor Z Foka P Freund P Fuchs M Gal J Gazdzicki M Gladysz E Grebieszkow J Günther J Harris JW Heck W Hegyi S Hill LA Huang I Howe MA Igo G Irmscher D Jacobs P Jones PG Kadija K Kecskemeti J Kowalski M Kühmichel A Lasiuk B Margetis S 《Physical review letters》1995,75(21):3814-3817