Realization of high-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes using multi-emissive layers

High-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs） are developed. A concept of using multiple-emissive layer （EML） configuration is adopted. In this letter, bis（2-methyl-8-quinolinolate）-4- （phenylphenolato）A1 （BAlq） and 9,10-di（naphtha-2-yl）anthracene （ADN）, which serve n- and p-type EMLs, respectively, are used to evaluate and demonstrate the multi-EML concept for blue OLEDs. The thickness effect of individual EMLs and the number of EMLs, e.g., triple and quadruple EML components, on the power efficiency of blue OLEDs are systematically investigated. To illustrate the point, the total thickness of the emissive region in different blue OLEDs are kept contact at 30 nm for comparison. The power efficiency of blue OLEDs with a quadruple EML structure of BAlq/ADN/BAlq/ADN is about 40% higher than that of blue OLEDs having a single EML unit. The Commission Internationale deL＇eclairage color coordinates of multi-EML OLEDs have values that represent the average of blue emissions from individual EMLs of BAlq and ADN.     

High efficient and color stable WOLED using double white emissive layer

For the high luminance and quantum efficiency, we propose a novel structure of white organic light-emitting diode (WOLED) using two white emissive layers (EML). The host material of MADN with the blue dopant of BCzVBi and the red dopant of DCJTB was used for one EML and DPVBi as host material with those dopants for the other EML. By considering the order of the EMLs and their energy band gaps in the device structure, the charge carrier trapping can be generated. They play a role in the barrier function at the EML enhancing the recombination where the holes and electrons were trapped in the DPVBi and MADN. The quantum efficiency can be improved by the charge carrier trapping in the WOLED with the double white EMLs as obtaining 4.23% at 10 mA/cm², and it is vastly superior to that of the WOLED with a single EML. White color balance is also excellent with color coordinates of (0.36, 0.34) in the CIE 1931 (x, y) chromaticity diagram.     

基于超薄发光层及双极性混合间隔层的白光有机发光器件研究

本文采用非掺杂超薄发光层及双极性混合间隔层结构,获得了高效、光谱稳定的白光有机发光器件.基于单载流子器件及单色蓝光有机发光器件的研究,确定了双极性混合间隔层的最佳比例;通过瞬态光致发光寿命研究,验证了不同发光材料之间的能量传递过程;得到的三波段和四波段白光有机发光器件的最高效率分别为52 cd/A (53.5 lm/W)和13.8 cd/A (13.6 lm/W),最高外量子效率分别为17.1%和11.2%.由于发光层不同颜色之间依次的能量传递结构,三波段白光有机发光器件的亮度从465到15950 cd/m~2时,色度坐标的变化?CIE仅为(0.005, 0.001);四波段白光有机发光器件的亮度从5077到14390 cd/m~2时,色度坐标的变化?CIE为(0.023, 0.012).     

Permutation tests using least distance estimator in the multivariate regression model

This paper proposes two permutation tests based on the least distance estimator in a multivariate regression model. One is a type of t test statistic using the bootstrap method, and the other is a type of F test statistic using the sum of distances between observed and predicted values under the full and reduced models. We conducted a simulation study to compare the power of the proposed permutation tests with that of the parametric tests based on the least squares estimator for three types of hypotheses in several error distributions. The results indicate that the power of the proposed permutation tests is greater than that of the parametric tests when the error distribution is skewed like the Wishart distribution, has a heavy tail like the Cauchy distribution, or has outliers.     

MiR-144-3p is associated with pathological inflammation in patients infected with Mycobacteroides abscessus

Infection with rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria is emerging as a global health issue; however, key host factors remain elusive. Here, we investigated the characteristic immune profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients infected with Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus (Mabc) and M. abscessus subsp. massiliense (Mmass). Using an integrated analysis of global mRNA and microRNA expression profiles, we found that several inflammatory cytokines/chemokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2] and miR-144-3p were significantly upregulated in PBMCs from patients compared with those from healthy controls (HCs). Notably, there was a strong correlation between the expression levels of miR-144-3p and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Similarly, upregulated expression of miR-144-3p and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines was found in macrophages and lungs from mice after infection with Mabc and Mmass. We showed that the expression of negative regulators of inflammation (SARM1 and TNIP3) was significantly downregulated in PBMCs from the patients, although they were not putative targets of miR-144-3p. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-144-3p led to a marked increase in proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and promoted bacterial growth in macrophages. Together, our results highlight the importance of miR-144-3p linking to pathological inflammation during M. abscessus infection.Subject terms: Bacterial infection, Bacterial infection, Chemokines, Mechanisms of disease     

Effects of MEH-PPV Molecular Ordering in the Emitting Layer on the Luminescence Efficiency of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

We investigated the effects of molecular ordering on the electro-optical characteristics of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with an emission layer (EML) of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV). The EML was fabricated by a solution process which can make molecules ordered. The performance of the OLED devices with the molecular ordering method was compared to that obtained through fabrication by a conventional spin coating method. The turn-on voltage and the luminance of the conventional OLEDs were 5 V and 34.75 cd/m², whereas those of the proposed OLEDs were 4.5 V and 120.3 cd/m², respectively. The underlying mechanism of the higher efficiency with ordered molecules was observed by analyzing the properties of the EML layer using AFM, SE, XRD, and an LCR meter. We confirmed that the electrical properties of the organic thin film can be improved by controlling the molecular ordering of the EML, which plays an important role in the electrical characteristics of the OLED.     

Obesity aggravates the joint inflammation in a collagen-induced arthritis model through deviation to Th17 differentiation

White fat cells secrete adipokines that induce inflammation and obesity has been reported to be characterized by high serum levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prototype of inflammatory arthritis, but the relationship between RA and obesity is controversial. We made an obese inflammatory arthritis model: obese collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). C57BL/6 mice were fed a 60-kcal high fat diet (HFD) from the age of 4 weeks and they were immunized twice with type II collagen (CII). After immunization, the obese CIA mice showed higher arthritis index scores and histology scores and a more increased incidence of developing arthritis than did the lean CIA mice. After treatment with CII, mixed lymphocyte reaction also showed CII-specific response more intensely in the obese CIA mice than lean CIA. The anti-CII IgG and anti-CII IgG2a levels in the sera of the obese CIA mice were higher than those of the lean CIA mice. The number of Th17 cells was higher and the IL-17 mRNA expression of the splenocytes in the obese CIA mice was higher than that of the lean CIA mice. Obese CIA mice also showed high IL-17 expression on synovium in immunohistochemistry. Although obesity may not play a pathogenic role in initiating arthritis, it could play an important role in amplifying the inflammation of arthritis through the Th1/Th17 response. The obese CIA murine model will be an important tool when we investigate the effect of several therapeutic target molecules to treat RA.