Penetration of drugs through skin,a complex rate-controlling membrane

Penetration of molecules and particles inside and through skin has long been well documented but it now merits renewed attention as a result of new areas of concern such as transdermal therapies, safety of cosmetic products, penetration of environmental compounds and skin decontamination.The topic is complex as skin structure is heterogeneous and because there are a number of penetration routes through the stratum corneum barrier: the intercellular, intracellular and follicular pathways. Recent advances in the study of penetration mechanisms deal with the control of the intercellular penetration route by the crystalline state of lipids, and the penetration through skin appendages (the follicular pathway) that appears to contribute much more than was previously thought.Applications dependent on skin penetration that have received special attention include transdermal delivery of nano- and microparticles by hair follicles, targeting of the skin immune system in order to develop new vaccination strategies, and problems relating to the risk assessment of nanoparticles and skin decontamination.     

Biaxial behaviour of an optical waveguide fabricated by ion implantation in a uniaxial BaTiO3 substrate

Biaxial behaviour has been observed in a waveguide fabricated by the technique of ion-beam implantation (H⁺ ions: 1 MeV at a rather high dose of 6 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm²) in a uniaxial BaTiO₃ single crystal. For the first time to our knowledge this phenomenon has been connected to the elasto-optic properties of the material. The index profile reconstructions both for TE and TM modes are led with two methods and we compare the results. The computation technique to connect the latter with the elasto-optic properties is presented. Then the calculations are successfully compared with the measured values.