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1.
Tracy Noble Ricardo Nemirovsky Cara Dimattia Tracey Wright 《International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning》2004,9(2):109-167
In this article, we will describe the results of a study of 6th grade students learning about the mathematics of change. The
students in this study worked with software environments for the computer and the graphing calculator that included a simulation
of a moving elevator, linked to a graph of its velocity vs. time. We will describe how the students and their teacher negotiated
the mathematical meanings of these representations, in interaction with the software and other representational tools available
in the classroom. The class developed ways of selectively attending to specific features of stacks of centimeter cubes, hand-drawn
graphs, and graphs (labeled velocity vs. time) on the computer screen. In addition, the class became adept at imagining the
motions that corresponded to various velocity vs. time graphs. In this article, we describe this development as a process
of learning to see mathematical representations of motion. The main question this article addresses is: How do students learn
to see mathematical representations in ways that are consistent with the discipline of mathematics?
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Böcking T Kilian KA Hanley T Ilyas S Gaus K Gal M Gooding JJ 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2005,21(23):10522-10529
Surface modification with oligo(ethylene oxide) functionalized monolayers terminated with reactive headgroups constitutes a powerful strategy to provide specific coupling of biomolecules with simultaneous protection from nonspecific adsorption on surfaces for the preparation of biorecognition interfaces. To date, oligo(ethylene oxide) functionalized monolayer-forming molecules which can be activated for attachment of biomolecules but which can selectively form monolayers onto hydrogen terminated silicon have yet to be developed. Here, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing tetra(ethylene oxide) moieties protected with tert-butyl dimethylsilyl groups were formed by thermal hydrosilylation of alkenes with single-crystal Si(111)-H. The protection group was used to avoid side reactions with the hydride terminated silicon surface. Monolayer formation was carried out using solutions of the alkene in the high-boiling-point solvent 1,3,5-triethylbenzene. The protecting group was removed under very mild acidic conditions to yield a free hydroxyl functionality, a convenient surface moiety for coupling of biological entities via carbamate bond formation. The chemical composition and structure of the monolayers before and after deprotection were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray reflectometry. To demonstrate the utility of this surface for covalent modification, two reagents were compared and contrasted for their ability to activate the surface hydroxyl groups for coupling of free amines, carbonyl diimidazole (CDI), and disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC). Analysis of XP spectra before and after activation by CDI or DSC, and after subsequent reaction with glycine, provided quantitative information on the extent of activation and overall coupling efficiencies. CDI activated surfaces gave poor coupling yields under various conditions, whereas DSC mediated activation followed by aminolysis at neutral pH was found to be an efficient method for the immobilization of amines on tetra(ethylene oxide) modified surfaces. 相似文献
3.
Thomas Bally Peter Diehl Edwin Haselbach Alan S. Tracey 《Helvetica chimica acta》1975,58(8):2398-2402
The NMR. spectrum of guanidinium ion 1 is studied in anisotropic liquid crystalline nematic solution. Assuming an HNH-angle of 120°, the distance ratio NH /NC = 0.784 is obtained, from which using NC = 1.330 Å (from X-ray data) NH = 1.043 Å results. An upper bound for the free energy of activation for bond rotation of ΔG+ ≤ 13 kcal/mol is deduced. The bondrotational mobility of 1 is also investigated using the MINDO/3-SCF-procedure. The results obtained for the three conceivable consecutive activation energies for bond-rotation indicate that the observed bond-rotational mobility of 1 does not involve cooperative two- or three-bond rotations. The ‘conjugative stabilization’ of 1 has been estimated to be of the order of 24–26 kcal/mol. 相似文献
4.
Gordon K. Anderson Ronald J. Cross Ljubica Manojlovic-Muir Kenneth W. Muir Tihomir Solomun 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》1979,170(3):385-397
The known complex, -(η-C5H5)2Rh2(CO)2(CF3C2CF3) is formed in high yield from (η-C5H5)Rh(CO)2 and CF3FCCF3 at 100°. The less stable -isomer of the complex is obtained in low yield from the same reaction. The infrared, 1H, 19F and 13C NMR spectra of the two isomers are compared. The -isomer undergoes CO scrambling in solution at room temperature, and the variable temperature 13C NMR spectra are consistent with a pairwise bridge opening and closing mechanism. The mechanism is extended to account for the isomerization of to isomer, whihc has a half-life of 12 h at room temperature. The 13C spectrum indicates that the -isomer is static in solution at room temperature. The -isomer is reversibly protonated by protonic acids, and BF4? and PF6? salts of the protonated species can be isolated. The spectroscopic properties of these salts are consistent with protonation at one of the alkynyl-carbons, but it is not possible to distinguish between two alternative structures for the complex cation.Treatment of (η-C5H5)2Rh2(CO)2(CF3C2CF3) with (η-C5H5)Rh(CO)2 gives the trinuclear complex (η-C5H5)3Rh3(CO)(CF3C2CF3) in 80% yield. The analogoug but-2-yne complex is formed from (η-C5H5)3Rh3(CO)3 and MeCCMe. The infrared, 1H, 19F and 13C NMR spectra indicate that the hexafluorobut-2-yne complex exists in two different structural arrangements in solution. One has an edge bridging, and the other a face bridging carbonyl. The proportion of the isomers is affected by the solvent polarity. The spectra of the but-2-yne complex indicate it is fluxional at room temperature, and has a face bridging structure in solution regardless of the polarity of the solvent. Reversible protonation of the hexafluorobut-2-yne complex occurs in protonic acids, and the salt [(η-C5H5)3Rh3(CO)(CF3C2CF3)H]+[BF4]?,H2O can be isolated. The spectroscopic properties of this complex are consistent with a structure incorporating an edge-bridging carbonyl, and probably, an edge-bridging hydride ligand. 相似文献
5.
A synthesis of N-acetylcolchinol, a key intermediate in the synthesis of ZD6126, was developed. The enantiodifferentiating step required the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of an enamide. After screening a range of metal and ligand combinations it was found that (S,S)-iPr-FerroTANE Ru(methallyl)2 and [(S,S)-tBuFerroTANE Rh(COD)]BF4 gave both high enantioselectivity (>90% ee) and high catalyst utility (molar S/C = 1000). 相似文献
6.
The addition of R3SiCl to B(OTf)3 gives “supersilylating agents” formulated as R3SiB(OTf)3Cl. The catalytic properties of these species are similar to those of the previously-described (but less accessible) R3SiB(OTf)4. 相似文献
7.
[reaction: see text] On treatment with samarium(II) iodide, gamma,delta-unsaturated ketones undergo very different processes depending upon the nature of the reaction conditions. Employing samarium(II) iodide and MeOH, functionalized syn-cyclopentanol products are obtained stereoselectively. Mechanistic studies suggest that this cyclization occurs via a sequential reduction/intramolecular aldol reaction. With samarium(II) iodide and HMPA, products of a 4-exo-trig cyclization and of an interesting fragmentation reaction are observed. 相似文献
8.
A crystalline glycylglycine complex of monoperoxovanadate has been obtained and its X-ray structure determined. The coordination is pentagonal bipyramidal with the peroxo group and a tridentate glycylglycine occupying the equatorial positions. The axial positions of the anion are occupied by the oxo ligand and by one oxygen of the peroxo group of the adjacent anion. The latter interaction establishes the seventh bond and produces a dimeric structure in the crystalline material. NMR studies of its dissolution in water combined with previously reported results from equilibrium measurements show that the dimer dissociates in water to the monomeric precursor. It is proposed that this monomer corresponds to the complex responsible for the inhibition of the vanadium-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by glycylglycine. Crystal structure of [NEt(4)][VO(O(2))(GlyGly)].1.58H(2)O: monoclinic, space group P2(1); Z = 4; a = 10.618(2) ?; b = 14.803(2) ?; c = 11.809(2) ?; beta = 101.37(2) degrees; V = 1819.7 ?(3); T = 198 K; R(F)() = 0.029 for 2664 data (I(o) >/= 2.5sigma(I(o))) and 431 variables. 相似文献
9.
The photochemical reaction between optically active ene carbamates and chromium alkoxycarbene complexes containing unsaturated aliphatic side chains was further developed. Although remote olefinic groups, including conjugated dienes, were tolerated, a homoallylic side chain underwent intramolecular reaction to give a strained cyclobutanone. (+)-Cerulenin was synthesized utilizing the photochemical reaction of an alkynylcarbene complex with an optically active ene carbamate and the bis(pi-crotyl)nickel halide alkylation of a vinyl bromide as key steps. 相似文献
10.
Elina Ruiz Xuejiao Tang Yong -Ji Li Mariel M. Muir 《Journal of chemical crystallography》1993,23(10):791-794
Tetraethylammonium tribromo[2-(2-chloro-5-nitrostyryl)benzoselenazole] platinate (II), [(C2H5)4N][PtBr3(C15H9ClN2O2Se)], is monoclinic, in space groupP21/c, witha=9.496(2),b=20.321(7),c=15.166(3)Å,=100.18(1)°,V=2880(2)Å3,M
r
=928.72,Z=4,D
x
=2.141 g cm–3, (MoK)=0.71073 Å,=104.1 cm–1,F(000)=1752,T=298 K. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined toR=0.032 for 2626 unique observed reflections withI>3(I). The [Pt(nsbse)Br3)] unit has square-planar geometry about the Pt atom, with the nsbse coordinated to the Pt through the N of the selenazole ring. The ligand molecule is non-planar, with a dihedral angle of 61.6(2)° between the benzoselenazole and phenyl rings. The dihedral angles between the PtBr3 plane and the benzoselenazole and phenyl planes are 105.2(1) and 80.7(1)°, respectively. 相似文献