Phase behaviour of the discotic mesogen 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-n-dodecylphenyl)porphyrin under pressure

The phase behaviour of the discotic mesogen 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-n -dodecylphenyl)porphyrin (C12TPP) was investigated under hydrostatic pressures up to 300MPa by high pressure DTA and wide angle X-ray diffraction methods. The typical enantiotropic phase transitions of C12TPP, low- to high-temperature crystal (Cr2-Cr1), Cr1-discotic lamellar phase (DL), and DL-isotropic liquid (I) are observed at pressures up to 10MPa. Application of hydrostatic pressure to the sample generates a pressure-induced crystal polymorph (Cr3) between the Cr2 and Cr1 phases, and the phase transitions Cr2-Cr3-Cr1-DL-I occur reversibly in the pressure region between 10 and 180MPa. On heating at higher pressures above 180MPa, the fourth crystal polymorph (Cr4) is formed between the Cr2 and Cr3 phases at lower temperatures, and at the same time the fifth crystal polymorph (Cr5) appears abruptly between the Cr1 and DL phases at high temperatures. The Cr2-Cr4-Cr3-C1-(Cr5)-DL-I transition processes were observed at 180 200MPa. Further increasing the pressure above 270MPa induces entirely different thermal behaviour: only two peaks for the pressure-induced transition between the sixth and fifth polymorphs (Cr6-Cr5) and the Cr5-I transitions are detected at low and high temperatures on heating, while both the DTA and WAXD experiments on cooling show the formation of the DL phase as a monotropic phase between the I and Cr5 phases, indicating the I DL Cr5 Cr6 process. The thermal behaviour was ambiguous and complex in the pressure region between 200 and 260MPa because the peaks for the intermediate crystal transitions were too small to detect with confidence. The two different sequences of the Cr2-Cr4-Cr3-Cr1-DL-I and Cr6-Cr5-(DL)-I processes seems to occur competitively. The T vs. P phase diagram of a sample cooled at 300MPa was studied to determine the triple point of the DL phase and to investigate the phase stability of the pressure-induced crystal polymorphs. The Cr6-Cr5-I transition process was observed on heating at 200 and 300MPa, while the Cr6-Cr5-DL-I process was detected at lower pressures below 100MPa. Since the Cr5-DL transition temperature changes linearly with a slope dT/dP 40 degrees C/100 MPa, while the DL-I transition temperature changes slightly (dT/dP 5.5 degrees C/100MPa), the DL phase forms a triangle in the T vs. P diagram. The triple point of the DL phase was found to be 240.8MPa and 168.8 C. The Cr6 polymorph reorganized to the stable Cr2 form under atmospheric pressure on annealing at room temperature overnight.     

Transient Analysis of Rubber Extrusion by the Finite Element Method

Time-dependent analysis of rubber flow from a capillary rheometer is analyzed by the finite element method, in which both marker-particle and pseudo-concentration methods are used to define extruding rubber positions. The rubbers are assumed to be represented by a power-law fluid. The extruded free surface obtained by the marker-particle method is compared with the one produced by the pseudo-concentration method.     

A cDNA CLONE WITH ANTIONCOGENE ACTIVITY

A cDNA clone, p14--6, which has an antioncogene activity on the v--Ki--Ras oncogene-transformed malignant cell line DT, was found. This clone was recovered from the revertantR14 cells, which had been isolated by transfections of DT cells with a normal human fibro-blast cDNA library cloned in pcD2, an Okayama-Berg vector. When transfected into DT cells,p14--6 clone gave rise to phenotypical flat reversion in 5--15% of DT transfectant colo-nies. The p14--6--transfected flat cell line, RR, was proven to be a true revertant with signif-icantly reduced malignancy by in ritro and in riro malignancy tests. All other clones recov-ered from R14 cells were unable to cause this reversion. Molecular hybridizations showedthat the p14--6 was inserted into RR genome as tandem repeats, and no structural changewas found in the D--Ki--Ras oncogene in RR genome. These facts suggest that the antioncogeneactivity of the p14--6 clone on the DT cells may be exerted through expression of thecDNA contained in this clone. Possib     

Visualization of Unsteady Creeping Viscous Flows Using Vector Products

A finite element method for analyzing unsteady incompressible creeping flows is presented. Marker particles are introduced to analyze the flow motions. To determine the marker position in the element, vector products are used. By checking the signs of the product, the marker position during the transient analysis can be determined in a simple manner. A benchmark-type problem for which an analytical solution is available and the filling process of a simple axisymmetrical mould shape are solved to illustrate this method.     

A Taylor-Galerkin Method for Modeling Unsteady Fluid Flow Under its Own Weight

The free fluid-surface of incompressible creeping flows is analyzed using a finite element method. A pseudo-concentration (PC) function is introduced to determine the position of the free surface. The Taylor-Galerkin finite element method (TGFEM) is applied to solve the equation of the PC function. Nine-node quadratic interpolation is used for both PC and velocity. The unsteady flows of fluids moving of their own weight are analyzed using the proposed method.