Formation of β‐iPP in isotactic polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber blends: Effects of preparation method,composition, and thermal condition

The effects of preparation method, composition, and thermal condition on formation of β‐iPP in isotactic polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber (iPP/EPR) blends were studied using modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and phase contrast microscopy (PCM). It was found that the α‐iPP and β‐iPP can simultaneity form in the melt‐blended samples, whereas only α‐iPP exists in the solution‐blended samples. The results show that the formation of β‐iPP in the melt‐blended samples is related to the crystallization temperature and the β‐iPP generally diminishes and finally vanishes when the crystallization temperature moves far from 125 °C. The phenomena that the lower critical temperature of β‐iPP in iPP/EPR obviously increases to 114 °C and the upper critical temperature decreases to 134 °C indicate the narrowing of temperature interval, facilitating the formation of β‐iPP in iPP/EPR. Furthermore, it was found that the amount of β‐iPP in melt‐blended iPP/EPR samples is dependent on the composition and the maximum amount of β‐iPP formed when the composition of iPP/EPR blends is 85:15 in weight. The results through examining the effect of annealing for iPP/EPR samples at melt state indicate that this annealing may eliminate the susceptibility to β‐crystallization of iPP. However, only α‐iPP can be observed in solution‐blended samples subjected to annealing for different time. The PCM images demonstrate that an obvious phase‐separation happens in both melt‐blended and solution‐blended iPP/EPR samples, implying that compared with the disperse degree of EPR in iPP, the preparation method plays a dominant role in formation of β‐iPP. It is suggested that the origin of formation of β‐iPP results from the thermomechanical history of the EPR component in iPP/EPR. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1704–1712, 2007     

火焰原子吸收法快速分析硫酸中铅镉铜锌

文中直接取硫酸样品3ml于装有约10ml水的25ml比色管中,加入碘化钾溶液2ml,用水稀至刻度。加入甲基异丁酮5ml,萃取lmin,分层后,在有机相中测定铅、镉、铜含量;在水相中测定锌含量。方法的加标回收率为98.9％～103％,精密度1.8％～4.3％,标准曲线法和标准加入法结果相近,倍比试验结果亦相吻合,方法快速简便、准确,适合于工业中的快速分析。     

Experimental study of photocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde and its by-products

Formaldehyde is one of the most harmful pollutants that endanger occupants' health and the way of its effective removal has become a focus in the field of air quality. This paper studies the static photocatalytic removal of formaldehyde experimentally and finds out that carbon monoxide, which is more harmful to occupants' health than the formaldehyde itself, is one of the by-products in the process of photocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde. The increase of carbon monoxide concentration should be taken into consideration in the photocatalytic application. The photocatalyst surface at room temperature can weakly adsorb CO and CO₂, which can deactivate the photocatalysts.     

套索冠醚毛细管色谱柱的研制

用套索冠醚N,N′-双(2-甲基吡啶)-二氮杂-18-冠-6作为固定相,涂渍在弹性石英毛细管内,测其柱效、惰性、热稳定性、平均极性及选择性等性质.其结构由元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振及质谱分析的试验数据所证实.试验表明,它具有良好的色谱性能、中等极性,适用于对醇、卤代烃、芳香烃等各类异构体的分离,并用分子结构观点探讨了保留机理.     

Preparation and evaluation of uniform-sized molecularly imprinted polymer beads used for the separation of sulfamethazine

Uniform-sized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) beads were prepared using a one-step swelling and polymerization method. The obtained sulfamethazine (SMZ)-imprinted polymer showed high affinity and selectivity toward SMZ and other structurally related sulfonamides in acetonitrile or water-acetonitrile mobile phases, particularly in high aqueous systems. The column performance of the MIPs for SMZ and its analogues could be improved by elevating the column temperature and optimizing the flow rate. The hydrogen-bonding effect plays a significant role in the recognition process of SMZ-imprinted polymer systems in organic media, while the ion-exchange effect, as well as hydrophobic effect, dominates the retention mechanism in aqueous-rich media, in addition to shape recognition.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde and methanol on Ni(OH)2/Ni electrode

A nickel hydroxide-modified nickel electrode (Ni(OH)₂/Ni) was successfully prepared by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) method and the electrocatalytic properties of the electrode for formaldehyde and methanol oxidation have been investigated respectively. The Ni(OH)₂/Ni electrode exhibits high electrocatalytic activity in the reaction. A new method has been developed for formaldehyde determination at the nickel hydroxide-modified nickel electrode and the experimental parameters were optimized. The oxidation peak current is linearly proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde in the range of 7.0 × 10^?5 to 1.6 × 10^?2 M with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10^?5 M. Recoveries of artificial samples are between 93.3 and 103.5%. The effect of scan rate and methanol concentration on the electrochemical behavior of methanol were investigated respectively.     

Convergent architecting of multifunction-in-one hydrogels as wound dressings for surgical anti-infections

Surgical procedures are susceptible to the cause of infections, which could induce delayed wound healing, oxidative stress and tissue ischemia. Multifunctional wound dressings (e.g., hydrogels) without the induction of antibiotics is promising for the elimination of surgical site infections and the associated complications. Herein, we report a reductionism approach for the fabrication of bioactive hydrogels to recapitulate antibacterial functions as well as antioxidant, pro-angiogenic and hemostatic properties in surgical infection treatments. The hydrogels composed of naturally derived Cirsium setosum extracts (CE, a traditional medicinal herb) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CS) show their capacity for surgical anti-infections on three different models (i.e., infectious random skin flap model, infectious skin defect model and infectious femur fracture model). Due to the innate bioactivities of CE and CS, CECS hydrogels can also reduce the bleeding loss (85% reduction) on a hemorrhaging liver model and improve the vascularization for skin flap regeneration. Overall, bioactive CECS hydrogels integrated with the ease and scalability of assembly process and biological activities without the addition of antibiotics is promising to act as multifunctional wound dressings for surgical anti-infections.     

Back contact–absorber interface modification by inserting carbon intermediate layer and conversion efficiency improvement in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cell

Carbon layers have been employed as intermediate layers between Mo back contact and Cu₂ZnSn(S_1–xSe_x)₄(CZTSSe) absorber film prepared by sol–gel and post‐selenization method. Carbon layers with appropriate thickness can significantly inhibit the formation of MoSe₂ and voids at bottom region of the absorber, and therefore reduce the series resistance remarkably. The conversion efficiency can be boosted by the introducing of the carbon layer from 6.20% to 7.24% by enhancement in short current density, fill factor and open voltage in comparison to the reference sample without carbon layer. However, excess thickness of carbon layer will worse device performance due to the deteriorated absorber crystallinity. In addition, the time‐resolved photoluminescence analysis shows that inserting the carbon layer with suitable thickness does not introduce recombination and lower minority lifetime. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

二维/二维S-型Bi3NbO7/g-C3N4异质结光催化剂驱动选择性CO2还原制CH4

人工光合作用可直接将二氧化碳转化为一系列碳氢化合物,实现大气中的碳循环,被视为一种既能解决能源短缺又能减少温室气体,进而改善人类生存环境的新型绿色技术.光催化二氧化碳还原体系需要合适的耦合氧化还原反应,以及对外界光源的有效利用以产生足够电子参与反应,因此构建高催化活性和高选择性的催化体系仍然面临着巨大挑战.此外,二维纳米结构(2D)由于具有比表面积大、离子的迁移路径短以及独特的平层电子转移轨道等特性,被证实有利于光催化还原CO₂过程.其中,Bi₃NbO₇特殊的片层结构和合适的能带位置,使其在光催化还原CO₂反应中表现出良好的催化性能.然而,Bi₃NbO₇的光生载流子易复合及反应中光腐蚀严重等缺陷导致其光利用率较低,限制了其实际应用.因此,构建S-型异质结是提高复合材料光催化活性的一种有前途的策略.S-型异质结不仅能有效地分离光生电子和空穴,而且这一电子转移过程赋予了复合物最大的氧化还原能力.同时,S-型光催化体系不仅拥有同样的强氧化和强还原能力,还可显著抑制副反应的发生及副产物的产生,有利于CO₂还原反应的高选择性进行.本文利用简易的溶剂热法制备了一系列S-型Bi₃NbO₇/g-C₃N₄(BNO/UCN)异质结光催化剂,与其纯组分催化剂相比,表现出优异的光催化还原CO₂活性,g-C₃N₄含量为80wt%的BNO/UCN-3光催化剂催化CO₂生成CH₄产率为37.59μmol·g^-1h^-1,是g-C₃N₄的15倍,CH₄选择性为90%;且循环反应10次后仍保持较高的活性及CH4选择性.光催化活性及选择性的显著增强是由于二维分布的纳米结构和S-型电荷转移路径.在可见光照射下,界面内建电场、带边缘弯曲和库仑相互作用协同促进了复合物相对无用的电子和空穴的复合.因此,剩余的电子和空穴具有较高的还原性和氧化性,使复合材料具有较高的氧化还原能力.自由基捕获实验、电子顺磁共振实验和原位X射线光电子能谱实验结果表明,光催化剂中的电子迁移遵循S-型异质结机理.综上,本文不仅为新型S-型异质结CO₂还原光催化剂的设计和制备提供了新方法,而且为未来解决能源短缺及实现碳中和目标提供一定的实验及理论依据.