Research progress in degradation mechanism of silicon anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

硅负极材料由于具有非常高的理论比容量,使之成为锂离子电池极具前景的负极替代材料,然而,硅负极材料在充放电过程中会发生非常大的体积变形,这会引起活性材料的破坏失效,严重影响其电化学循环性能,成为制约其在锂离子电池领域广泛应用的最大瓶颈,本文介绍了硅负极材料的不同结构形态及其在充放电过程中电化学性能的退化机理,并综述了充放电过程中的力学性能演化、相关理论分析、数值模拟计算等方面的最新国际研究进展,展望了硅负极材料力学失效方面的研究重点,     

Separation of gram quantities of uranium from fission products by extraction chromatography

The separation of gram quantities of uranium from fission products has been investigated by extraction chromatography. The separation which is based on the difference in distribution coefficients between uranium and the fission products on a tributyl phosphate (TBP) resin in nitric acid medium, was carried out by means of high acidity feed and stepwise elution on a TBP chromatography column. The results show that this technique is capable to separate 5 g of uranium from a large quantity of fission products. The recovery of uranium is more than 99%. The decontamination factors of g- and b-activities were 2.1^.10³ and 2.3^.10³, respectively.     

水的结构和反常物性

自从Bernal-Fowler-Pauling在1933~1935年间提出氢质子在两个氧原子之间的非对称等价位置以THz的频率自发往复隧穿后,液态水的结构尤其是水分子的近邻配位数目一直是学界关注的焦点。尽管水分子的刚性或柔性偶极子相互作用表述、纳晶非晶混相结构或均相涨落模型等假说已逐渐成为认知主流,但定量破解水在外场作用下所呈现的各种反常物性的进展依然缓慢。譬如,浮冰、复冰、超滑、热水速冻等现象的机理及内在关联仍有待系统深入研究。本文旨在尝试解读当前关注焦点和介绍最新研究进展的同时,融合连续介质论、分子时空论、质子量子论和氢键弛豫极化论并强调从传统的分子“偶极子-偶极子”到“氢键（O：H-O）超短程非对称强耦合”作用以及从源头的“质子隧穿失措”到“氢键受激协同弛豫”的思维转变。证据表明,水中键合质子数目和孤对电子数目和氢键的构型守恒和分子空间取向和质子隧穿规则应为关注焦点;通过氢键作用的静态四配位均相类单晶结构和动态强涨落可能是打破僵局的关键;由于氢键的O：H和H-O分段比热的差异,液态与固态之间存在一个具有冷胀热缩和相边界可调特性的准固态;键序降低导致氢键分段协同弛豫且使低配位水分子形成具有超低密度、强极化、高弹性、高热稳定性的超固态。由于O：H非键无处不在且起主导作用,拓展对于水溶液的认知到其他领域如含能材料的储能-燃爆机理、药物、食品、生命科学等会更加引人入胜,意义深远。     

A Practical Approach to Synthesize the C(9)-C(24) Fragment of (+)-Discodermolide

A practical and stereoselective synthesis of the C(9)–C(24) subunit of (+)‐discodermolide has been achieved. The strategy featured the construction of the key intermediate Z‐trisubstituted vinyl iodide 12 from the dibromo‐olefin 6 via an efficient modified Tanino‐Miyashita's approach. The union of the two fragments was carried out through a Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction.     

Construction of Optically Active Quaternary Propargyl Amines by Highly Enantioselective Zinc/BINOL‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of Ketoimines

A general and efficient method for the highly enantioselective alkynylation of ketoimines through a zinc/1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL)‐catalyzed process has been developed. A variety of ketoimines, including α‐fluoroalkyl α‐imine esters, α‐aryl α‐imine esters, and trifluoromethyl aryl ketoimines, are applicable and provide their corresponding quaternary propargyl amines in excellent yields with high ee values (up to 99 % ee). Both the steric and electronic effects of substituents at the 3,3′ positions of BINOL are critical for the reaction efficiency and enantioselectivity. To demonstrate the usefulness of the method, (R)‐α‐CF₃ α‐proline has been prepared in a highly efficient manner. The notable features of this protocol are its broad substrate scope, high reaction efficiency (up to 99 %) and enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee), low catalyst loading (5 mol % of BINOL derivative), and mild reaction conditions.     

偶数模四态叠加多模叠加态光场的高次差压缩

构造了由偶数模多模复共轭奇相干态与多模复共轭偶相干态线性叠加所组成的第Ⅱ种偶数模四态叠加多叠模加态光场|Ψ_oe⁽⁴⁾,Ⅱ>_2q.利用多模压缩态理论,研究了态|Ψ_oe⁽⁴⁾,Ⅱ>_2q的等幂次高次差压缩特性.结果发现:在一定条件下,态|Ψ_oe⁽⁴⁾,Ⅱ>_2q的两个正交相位分量可同时呈现出广义非线性等幂次高次差压缩效应.     

X射线荧光光谱法分析镁砂的主次成分

采用镁砂标准样品作为校准样品,建立了熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法测定镁砂中MgO,Al2O3,SiO2,CaO,P2O5,Fe2O3的方法。采用熔融法为样品片和校准片的制备方法,选择四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂（67＋33）为助熔剂,1.00mL LiBr溶液为脱模剂,熔融温度为1 100℃,熔融时间20min。对镁砂样品测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）小于3%,对不同镁砂标准样品进行测定,方法的测定结果与认证值相吻合。