Elimination of phosphate interference in flame photometric determination of strontium and barium

The interference of phosphate in the flame emission of calcium, strontium and barium was studied. The emission intensity decreases proportionally to the amount of interfering anion up to a maximum depression for equimolar amounts of phosphate to metal. A thermostable phosphate is formed before the cation enters the flame. Appropriate addition of lanthanum restores the three alkaline earth lines to their intensities in absence of phosphate, the lanthanum displacing, the alkaline earths from their phosphates before the hot region of the flame is reached.     

The Turkish accelerator complex IR FEL project

Turkish accelerator complex (TAC) project was approved by State Planning Organization (DPT) of Turkey in 2006. The complex will contain a linac-ring type electron–positron collider as a particle factory and different accelerator based light sources. As a first step to the national center, the construction of an IR FEL facility is planned until 2011. It is also planned that the technical design report for TAC will be completed in 2010. The TAC IR FEL facility will consist of an electron linac in the range of 15–40 MeV energy to obtain FEL in 2–185 microns range. In this study, the preliminary parameters of TAC IR FEL facility were presented. The possible using of the obtained FEL in material science, nonlinear optics, semiconductors, biotechnology, medicine and photochemical processes were discussed.     

Mechanism and kinetics of polymerization of propylene in a microwave plasma

Flowing microwave plasma of propylene and propylene with argon was studied by mass spectrometry. Plasma composition was investigated as a function of external parameters such as pressure, argon/propylene ratio, and microwave-induced power. It was found that the propylene broke down to C₂H₂ and CH₄, or reacted further with propylene. Two main products, leading to the determination of three main chain reactions for the polymerization of propylene by ion-molecule interactions, were observed, namely, C₂H₂ and CH₄. These were the propylene, acetylene, and ethylene chain reactions. It was also found that the propylene disappeared in a pseudo-first-order reaction. Consequently an overall rate constant for the polymerization was determined (50 sec^–1 at 1 torr pressure for propylene plasma). This constant is found to be linearly dependent upon the propylene percent concentration, and nonlinearly dependent upon plasma pressure.Partly presented at the 157th meeting of the Electrochemical Society, St. Louis, Missouri, May 11–16, 1980.     

On τ-Closed Formations of n-Ary Group

We prove that if G is a nonsingle-element n-ary finite group that belongs to a -closed formation , then , where is the intersection of all maximal -closed subformations of the -closed formation of n-ary groups .     

Measurements of two- and three-dimensional waves in a channel,including the vicinity of cut-off frequencies

Measurements of water wave profiles were performed in a rectangular flume equipped with a modular wavemaker. This particular wavemaker could generate both two- and three-dimensional waves. A method is proposed to evaluate quantitatively the deviations of a spacial flow field from the two-dimensional one. Plane propagating waves, as well as pure sloshing waves with their crests parallel to the walls, were generated in the flume. In all cases the measured amplitudes were compared against linear theory predictions.     

Fixed bed phosphate adsorption by immobilized nano-magnetite matrix: experimental and a new modeling approach

Nano-sized magnetite impregnated charcoal granular activated carbon (nFe-GAC) was utilized for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using a fixed bed column. The dynamic of the phosphate adsorption was analyzed using a new approach to the Thomas model based on a two-step differential sorption rate process. The initial adsorption was found to be external mass transfer controlled, while intra-particle diffusion was the predominant mechanism in the latter stage. Consequently, two kinetic coefficients were calculated for each breakthrough curve resulting in an excellent model prediction. By implementing this approach a transition point, at which diffusion becomes the predominant adsorption mechanism, can be accurately determined. The effect of varying parameters, such as feed flow rates, feed pH, initial phosphate concentrations and adsorbent bed height were examined and described using the modified Thomas model. Reaction rates increased with augmentation of the flow rates from 1 to 40 mL/min while the adsorption capacity and transition point decreased. Similar transition points were obtained for initial phosphate concentrations between 10 and 100 mg/L. The unique characteristics of the nFe-GAC were evident as it exhibited very high phosphate adsorption capacity, at a wide range of pH values (4–9) with negligible effect of competing ions and short critical bed depth.     

Synthesis, performance, and modeling of immobilized nano-sized magnetite layer for phosphate removal

A homogeneous layer of nano-sized magnetite particles (<4 nm) was synthesized by impregnation of modified granular activated carbon (GAC) with ferric chloride, for effective removal of phosphate. A proposed mechanism for the modification and formation of magnetite onto the GAC is specified. BET results showed a significant increase in the surface area of the matrix following iron loading, implying that a porous nanomagnetite layer was formed. Batch adsorption experiments revealed high efficiency of phosphate removal, by the newly developed adsorbent, attaining maximum adsorption capacity of 435 mg PO(4)/g Fe (corresponding to 1.1 mol PO(4)/mol Fe(3)O(4)). It was concluded that initially phosphate was adsorbed by the active sites on the magnetite surface, and then it diffused into the interior pores of the nanomagnetite layer. It was demonstrated that the latter is the rate-determining step for the process. Innovative correlation of the diffusion mechanism with the unique adsorption properties of the synthesized adsorbent is presented.     

Variability of essential oils of Betonica officinalis (Lamiaceae) from different wild populations in Kosovo

The aerial parts and roots of Betonica officinalis were collected from three localities characterized by different ecological conditions to study the natural variability of the chemical composition of the essential oils in this plant. The leaves and inflorescences were collected during the flowering time, whereas the roots were collected at the end of the vegetative period. The plant material was dried at room temperature. The essential oils were obtained by micro-steam hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, 69 constituents were identified in all localities and plant parts. The main compositions of the leaves in all localities were alpha-pinene, 1-octen-3-ol, beta-bourbonene, (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene D. The essential oil of the inflorescences was characterized by these main constituents: alpha-pinene, (E)-caryophyllene and trans-beta-farnesene. In all localities, the percentages of alpha-pinene and (E)-caryophyllene were higher in the inflorescences than in the leaves, whereas nonane was the main constituent in the roots.     

The rôle of some organic solvents in flame photometry

Summary The influence of acetone, methanol andn-propylalcohol, in various concentrations, on the Na-emission and the temperature in an air-acetylene flame has been investigated at various gas/air ratios and at various heights in the flame. A sprayer with spray-chamber and a Meker burner have been used. The experiments indicate that the gain in Na-emission upon adding organics to the analyzed solution cannot be related simply to a single property of the organic-water mixture only. The experiments on the flame temperature, measured by line-reversal, show that spraying organic liquids into the flame may result in an increase or a decrease of flame temperature, according as the gas-air mixture is lean or rich. The effect of these organic liquids on the flame temperature and so on the excitation of Na appears to be small when compared to their effect on the spray-yield. The measured temperature effect appears to agree with quantitative calculations.

---

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß verschiedener Konzentrationen von Aceton, Methanol und n-Propylalkohol auf die Na-Emission und Temperatur einer Acetylen-Luftflamme wurde untersucht, wobei sowohl die Höhe der Meßstelle in der Flamme wie auch das Gas/Luft-Mischungsverhältnis variiert wurden. Ein Indirektzerstäuber und Mekerbrenner wurden dabei benutzt. Die Zunahme der Na-Emission hängt nicht in einfacher Weise von nur einer einzigen Eigenschaft des Lösungsmittels ab. Die Messungen der Flammentemperatur wurden mit Hilfe der Liniemimkehrmethode durchgeführt und zeigten, daß bei Zugabe der organischen Substanzen eine Erhöhung oder eine Erniedrigung der Temperatur auftreten kann, je nachdem, wie gerade das Gas/Luft-Mischungsverhältnis eingestellt wird. Der Einfluß der organischen Lösungsmittel auf die Flammentemperatur und dadurch auf die Anregung der Na-Atome ist gering im Vergleich mit deren Effekt auf die Zerstäuberwirkung. Die gemessene Temperaturbeeinflussung stimmt mit dem berechneten Wert überein.

---

Résumé En changeant les mélanges d'acétylène/air et l'hauteur de la région mesurée dans la flamme, on a étudié l'influence des différentes concentrations d'acétone, méthanol et n-propylalcool sur la température de la flamme et sur l'émission du Na. Un pulvérisateur indirect et un brûleur de Meker ont été utilisés. Les expériences montrent que l'accroissement de l'émission du Na, causé par la substance organique, n'est pas liée simplement à une seule propriété de la mélange organo-aqueuse. En mesurants la température de la flamme par la méthode d'inversement de raye nous avons montré que l'addition de substance organique donne aussi un accroissement, qu'un abaissement de la température, selon que la mélange gaz/air est faible ou riche. L'effet de la substance organique sur la température (et par la sur l'excitation du Na) se montre plus faible que l'effet sur le rendement du pulvérisateur. L'effet sur la température mesuré est en concordance avec l'effet calculé.

---

---

On leave from Israel Atomic Energy Commission Hakyria, Tel Aviv.