Although the compression ignition engines are a significant source of power, their detrimental emissions create considerable problems to the environment as well as to humans. The objective of the present experimental investigation is to examine the effects of the magnetic nanofluid fuels on combustion performance characteristics and exhaust emissions. In this regard, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles dispersed in the diesel fuel with the nanoparticle concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 vol% were employed for combustion in a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. After a series of experiments, it was demonstrated that the nanoparticle additives, even at very low concentrations, have considerable influence in diesel engine characteristics. Furthermore, the results indicated that the nanofluid fuel with nanoparticle concentration of 0.4 vol% shows better combustion characteristics in comparison with that of 0.8 vol%. Based on the experimental results, NOx and SO2 emissions dramatically reduce, while CO emissions and smoke opacity noticeably increase with increasing the dosing level of nanoparticles. 相似文献
The catalytic activity of an oxidovanadium(IV) unsymmetrical Schiff base complex supported on γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles, γ-Fe2O3@[VO(salenac-OH)] in which salenac-OH?=?[9-(2′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,8-diaza-4-methylnona-2,4,8-trienato](-2), was explored in the oxidation of hydrocarbons with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP, 70% aqueous solution) as oxidant. High catalytic activity and selectivity were demonstrated by this magnetic nanocatalyst in alkane hydroxylation and alkene epoxidation, and the corresponding products were obtained with good to excellent yields in acetonitrile at 50 °C. Reasonable catalytic activity was presented by this supported catalyst in the epoxidation of linear alkenes under optimal reaction conditions. In addition, alkylbenzene derivatives and cycloalkanes can be oxidized to their corresponding alcohols and ketones with good yields in this catalytic system. It is possible to magnetically separate the γ-Fe2O3@[VO(salenac-OH)] catalyst and reuse it four times without losing the activity significantly. Moreover, the catalyst structure and morphology do not change after recovery, as indicated by comparing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS) of the recovered catalyst with those of the fresh catalyst.
We use tools of the equilibrium statistical mechanics of disordered systems to study analytically the statistical properties of an ecosystem composed of N species interacting via random mutual interactions, as well as via deterministic self-interactions of order p>/=2. We show that the main effect of increasing the order of the interactions among the species is to make the system less competitive, in the sense that the fraction of extinct species is greatly reduced. In addition, we find that for p>2 there is a threshold value which gives a lower bound to the concentration of the surviving species, preventing then the existence of rare species and, consequently, increasing the robustness of the ecosystem to external perturbations. 相似文献
Summary Gallium-66 (T1/2 = 9.49 h) is an interesting radionuclide that has potential use for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of biological processes in intermediate to slow target tissue uptake. 66Ga was produced in the NRCAM cyclotron as a result of 15 MeV proton bombardment of 66Zn with current intensity of 180 μA (yield 11.2 mCi/μAh). Bleomycin (BLM) was labeled with [66Ga]GaCl3相似文献
Summary Conductance measurements of acidified sodium aluminate solutions showed a gradual drop as the alumina content of the solution increases. This behaviour was explained by adsorption of H+ ions, as visualised from linear plots of (
0–) per mole of alumina against
(where
0 is the specific conductance of the corresponding (NaOH + HCl), is the specific conductance of (sodium aluminate + HCl) and
is the amount of H+ ions adsorbed per mole of alumina). Transport number experiments showed that alumina behaves as a non-electrolyte and that the transport number of the Cl– ion increases with increase in alumina content. This behaviour was explained on the basis of aggregation of water molecules around alumina.The zero point of charge of colloidally dispersed aluminium hydroxide was determined from potentiometric and conductance measurements.
Zusammenfassung Leitfähigkeitsmessung von angesäuerten Natrium-Aluminat-Lösungen zeigen einen Abfall, wenn der Aluminat-Gehalt der Lösungen wächst. Dieses Verhalten wird durch Adsorption von Wasserstoff-Ionen erklärt, erkennbar aus der linearen Auftragung von (
0–) pro Mol/Aluminat gegen
Dabei ist
0 die spezifische Leitfähigkeit der entsprechenden (NaOH + HCl)-Lösung, die spezifische Leitfähigkeit vom Gemisch Natriumaluminat + HCl und
der Betrag an Wasserstoffionen, adsorbiert pro Mol/Aluminat. überführungszahl-Experimente zeigen, daß Alumina sich nicht als Elektrolyt verhält und daß die überführungszahl für Cl–-Ionen mit dem Alumina-Anteil wächst. Dieses Verhalten wird erklärt auf Grund einer Aggregation von Wassermolekülen um das Alumina.Der Neutralpunkt für Ladung von kolloidal dispergiertem Alumiumhydroxid wurde aus potentiometrischen und Leitfähigkeitsmessungen bestimmt.
The interaction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with lecithin films at the air/water and xylene/water interfaces was studied at pH 3, the isoelectric point of lecithin. Surface and interfacial tension measurements and electro-phoretie mobility data showed that PVA either replaces the lecithin molecules or becomes coadsorbed with it at the interface. This mixed film has no elasticity and very low interfacial viscosity. However, coalescence rate measurements showed that the emulsion formed by the polymer* lecithin is more stable than that formed with either polymer or lecithin alone. The enhanced stability by the PVA-lecithin mixed film was attributed to steric interaction produced by the adsorbed polymer. 相似文献