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1.
Montgomery Multiplication in GF(2k) 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
We show that the multiplication operation c=a · b · r-1 in the field GF(2k can be implemented significantly faster in software than the standard multiplication, where r is a special fixed element of the field. This operation is the finite field analogue of the Montgomery multiplication for modular multiplication of integers. We give the bit-level and word-level algorithms for computing the product, perform a thorough performance analysis, and compare the algorithm to the standard multiplication algorithm in GF(2k. The Montgomery multiplication can be used to obtain fast software implementations of the discrete exponentiation operation, and is particularly suitable for cryptographic applications where k is large. 相似文献
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State-to-state vibrational energy relaxation (VER) rates of the OH-stretch fundamental to select vibrational modes of liquid methanol are presented. The rates are calculated via a modified, fluctuating Landau-Teller (FLT) theory approach, which allow for dynamical vibrational energy level shifts. These rates are then compared to previously published results from Gulmen and Sibert [J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 2389] for the traditional Landau-Teller (LT) method as well as results calculated through time-dependent perturbation theory (TD), which naturally allow for the fluctuation. For the first time, this method is applied to a polyatomic molecular system, and the FLT theory greatly reduces the discrepancy between the LT and TD results or, at a minimum, is comparable to the LT approach with very little additional computational cost. 相似文献
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Yasemin Budama-Kilinc Rabia Cakir-Koc Serda Kecel-Gunduz Tolga Zorlu Yagmur Kokcu Bilge Bicak Zeynep Karavelioglu Aysen E. Ozel 《Journal of fluorescence》2018,28(5):1127-1142
Papain is a protease enzyme with therapeutic properties that are very valuable for medical applications. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is an ideal polymeric carrier for controlled drug delivery systems due to its low biodegradability and its high biocompatibility. In this study, the three-dimensional structure and action mechanism of papain were investigated by in vitro and in silico experiments using molecular dynamics (MD) and molecular docking methods to elucidate biological functions. The results showed that the size of papain-loaded PCL nanoparticles (NPs) and the polydispersity index (PDI) of the NPs were 242.9 nm and 0.074, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency were 80.4 and 27.2%, respectively. Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) were used for determining the cytotoxicity of papain-loaded PCL and PCL nanoparticles. The in vitro cell culture showed that nanoparticles are not toxic at low concentrations, while toxicity slightly increases at high concentrations. In silico studies, which were carried out with MD simulations and ADME analysis showed that the strong hydrogen bonds between the ligand and the papain provide stability and indicate the regions in which the interactions occur. 相似文献
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Murat Ates Nesimi Uludag Tolga Karazehir Fatih Arican 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2013,17(9):2417-2427
In this work, (3,6-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole) (EDOTVBCz) comonomer was chemically synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. EDOTVBCz was electrocoated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in various initial molar concentrations ([EDOTVBCz]0?=?1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0) in 0.1 M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)/acetonitrile (CH3CN). P(EDOTVBCz)/GCE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, FTIR reflectance-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray analysis, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS was used to determine the capacitive behaviors of modified GCE via Nyquist, Bode magnitude, Bode phase, and admittance plots. The highest low-frequency capacitance value was obtained as C LF?=?~2.35 mF cm?2 for [EDOTVBCz]0?=?3.0 mM. Double-layer capacitance of the polymer/electrolyte system was calculated as C dl?=?~2.78 mF cm?2 for [EDOTVBCz]0?=?1.0 and 3.0 mM. The maximum phase angle was obtained as θ?=?~76.7o for [EDOTVBCz]0?=?1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mM at the frequency of 20.6 Hz. AC impedance spectra of P(EDOTVBCz)/LiClO4/CH3CN was obtained by performing electrical equivalent circuit model of R(Q(R(CR))) with linear Kramers–Kronig test. Figure
SEM-EDX analysis of P(EDOTVBCz)/CFME EDX point analysis inset: SEM point analysis, [EDOTVBCz]0?=?3 mM. Chronoamperometric method of constant potential at 1.6 V, 300 s in 0.1 M LiClO4/CH3CN 相似文献
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The inhibition efficiency of 2-Pyrrolidin-1-yl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (PTCA) against mild steel (MS) corrosion was investigated in acidic solution by using quantum chemical calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) method and electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic, potential zero charge (pzc) analysis and electrochemical noise (EN) measurements at various concentrations (from 0.1 to 10 mM) and immersion times were utilized in experimental part. The surface analysis was achieved scanning electron microscope (SEM) and contact angle measurements in the absence and presence of 10 mM PTCA. According to DFT results, PTCA exhibited 3.737 eV band gap and 8.130 Debye dipole moment which were a signal of potentially convenient corrosion inhibitor properties. PTCA has a remarkable corrosion inhibition capability to mild steel, which inhibited both anodic and cathodic corrosion rates, relying on it's physically adsorption on the metal solution interface and protection ability was increased with increasing PTCA concentration. The obtained adsorption equilibrium constant was 11.11 × 103 M-1 and calculated standard free energy of adsorption was ?33.03 kJ mol?1. The determined activation energy values were 55.58 kJ mol?1 and 96.86 kJ mol?1 in 0.5 M HCl in the absence and presence of 10 mM PTCA, respectively. PTCA demonstrated a strong inhibition efficiency of 98.3%, after 168 h immersion, according to the EIS results. As a consequently, we recommend that PTCA is a convenient inhibitor in 0.1 M HCl for mild steel protection against corrosion. 相似文献
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This paper investigates possible asymmetries in the monetary policy reaction function of the Central Bank of Republic of Turkey over the business cycles. It is found that the bank reacted more aggressively towards output stabilisation during recessions than expansions. The empirical evidence suggests that the inflation targeting policy of the Turkish Central Bank was accommodative rather than stabilising. Furthermore, it is found that although the Central Bank of Republic of Turkey responded to foreign reserves, real exchange rates and short-term capital inflows both in expansion and recession periods, the bank targeted money growth, budget deficits, and net foreign assets only in expansion periods. 相似文献
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We miniaturize all features in a previously introduced polarization-independent three-dimensional carpet invisibility cloak by more than a factor of 2. This leads to operation wavelengths in the visible. The structures are characterized by electron and optical microscopy. In contrast to our previous work at IR wavelengths, we can directly measure two-dimensional images at visible frequencies, perform control experiments from the backside, and compare the images with theory. We find excellent agreement. Furthermore, we study the wavelength dependence in the range from 900 nm down to 500 nm. Cloaking action deteriorates as the woodpile stop band at around 575 nm is approached. 相似文献
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The Miller–Tucker–Zemlin (MTZ) Subtour Elimination Constraints (SECs) and the improved version by Desrochers and Laporte (DL) have been and are still in regular use to model a variety of routing problems. This paper presents a systematic way of deriving inequalities that are more complicated than the MTZ and DL inequalities and that, in a certain way, “generalize” the underlying idea of the original inequalities. We present a polyhedral approach that studies and analyses the convex hull of feasible sets for small dimensions. This approach allows us to generate generalizations of the MTZ and DL inequalities, which are “good” in the sense that they define facets of these small polyhedra. It is well known that DL inequalities imply a subset of Dantzig–Fulkerson–Johnson (DFJ) SECs for two-node subsets. Through the approach presented, we describe a generalization of these inequalities which imply DFJ SECs for three-node subsets and show that generalizations for larger subsets are unlikely to exist. Our study presents a similar analysis with generalizations of MTZ inequalities and their relation with the lifted circuit inequalities for three node subsets. 相似文献