The Chemistry of Dichloromethylenammonium Salts (“Phosgenimonium Salts”)

Dichloromethylenammonium salts, particularly dichloromethylenedimethylammonium chloride, occupy a unique place as stable but reactive building blocks for synthesis. They contain three mobile chlorine atoms activated by an amino group on the same carbon atom. These salts can be regarded as chlorinated Vilsmeier or Mannich reagents and are thus at a higher oxidation level. As in the Mannich or Vilsmeier reaction, the carbon condenses here as an electrophile with formation of C? C or C? hetero atom bonds in a variety that is still far from being exhausted.     

Isotopic difference in the second virial coefficient of water: Another test of the MCY-B description of water dimer thermodynamics

Evaluation has been carried out of the component of the second virial coefficient of steam related to the formation of dimers. The necessary equilibrium constants of dimerization have been evaluated within the MCY-B water pair interaction potential. The calculated isotopic difference in the second virial coefficient reflects the qualitative features found by observation but, nevertheless, the calculation quite distinctly overestimates the value of this isotopic difference as compared with the observation. The nature of these differences and the relation to the state behaviour of water are discussed.     

Die Phosphatbestimmung mit elektrischer Endpunktanzeige und ihre Anwendung zur Analyse organischer Substanzen. II

Zusammenfassung Nach Untersuchungen über die Einflüsse der Temperatur, organischer Lösungsmittel, und des Carbonatgehalts der Lösung wurde eine neue Vorschrift ausgearbeitet zur Phosphattitration mit Lanthanmaßlösung mit einer Endpunktanzeige mittels eines p_H-Meters. Mit einer Standardabweichung von weniger als 1% lassen sich 0,3 bis 1,5 mg P bestimmen. Die Standardabweichung bei der Phosphorbestimmung in organischen Substanzen beträgt 0,11% absolut.

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Summary Investigations of the influences of temperature, organic solvents, and the carbonate content of the solution led to the development of a new procedure for titrating phosphate with a lanthanum salt solution; the endpoint is indicated by a p_H meter. It is possible to determine 0.3 to 1.5 mg P with a standard deviation of less than 1%. The standard deviation in the determination of phosphorus in organic substances is 0.11% absolute.

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Résumé On a mis au point un nouveau mode opératoire d'après des études sur l'influence de la température, du solvant organique et de la teneur en carbonate de la solution pour titrer les phosphates par une solution étalon de lanthane avec indication du point d'équivalence sur un ph-mètre. On peut doser 0,3 à 1,5 mg de P avec un écart-type de moins de 1%. L'écart-type dans le cas du dosage du phosphore dans les substances organiques s'élève à 0,11% en valeur absolue.

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Wir danken herzlichst HerrnH. de Wit und HerrnW. Hulshof für wertvolle Mithilfe und Ausführung zahlreicher Analysen.     

Über eine universelle Ultramikrobestimmung des Schwefels in organischen Substanzen. I

Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Schwefelmengen bis zu 20g in organischen Substanzen wird beschrieben. Das Verfahren ermöglicht die bei Mikroverfahren übliche Analysengenauigkeit.Der durch Reduktion mittels Sn(II)-Phosphat in konz. Phosphorsäure gebildete Schwefelwasserstoff wird mit Natronlauge in einer Cd(II)-Sulfatlösung titriert. Phosphor, Stickstoff, Halogene und die meisten Metalle stören nicht. Eine Blindwertkorrektur ist notwendig. Einige Berechnungen erläutern die Methode.

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Summary A method is described for determining amounts of sulfur up to 20g in organic substances. The precision that is usual in the analyses by the micromethods can be expected from this procedure. The hydrogen sulfide produced by reduction with Sn(II) phosphate in conc. phosphoric acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide in a Cd(II)-sulfate solution. Phosphorus, nitrogen, halogens and most metals do not interfere. A blank value correction is essential. The method is illustrated by several calculations.

     

Automatic geometry optimization for molecules with d orbitals. I. General analytic formulas for derivatives of slater orbitals

General analytic formulas for derivatives of real Slater orbitals with respect to the Cartesian coordinates x and y have been derived. The application of this result to molecular geometry optimization or to the construction of a force constant matrix is briefly discussed.     

Couplage okydatif facile d'anions substitues captodativement

Carbanions carrying captodative substitution are readily oxidized to their dimers.     

Toward designing molecular-electronics devices: A potential significance of highly mobile equilibrium interconversions

Possible applications of computational molecular-engineering approaches to the design of bistable conformational systems, to be potentially employed in molecular electronics, have been analyzed in isomeric–thermodynamic terms. Constructing such systems led to (conflicting) requirements, viz. an easy interconversion of the two structures (the isomerization equilibrium constant close to unity). At the same time there is a need for both isomers to be sufficiently stable and mutually different (enthalpy–entropy compensation can still ensure the equilibrium-constant requirement). Moreover, the equilibrium criteria have to be necessarily combined with considerations of kinetics. The design problems are illustrated on two model systems: Si₆H₆ isomeric species and deuterium- and hydrogen-bonded water dimers, HOD · OHD and DOH · OHD, respectively.     

A fast semi-automatic determination of 5–300 μg of sulphur in organic compounds

Summary A simple determination of sulphur in organic compounds is proposed. The sulphur is reduced to H₂S by H₂ over Pt at 900° C and this H₂S is automatically titrated with a Pb²⁺ solution. The end-point is detected by a specific sulphide electrode. The range of the method is from 5 to 300g of S with a standard deviation of 0.14% absolute or 0.7% relative; 45 or more determinations a day are possible.

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Zusammenfassung Eine einfache automatische Schwefelbestimmung in organischen Substanzen img-Bereich wird vorgeschlagen. Im H₂-Strom wird der Schwefel über Pt bei 900° C reduziert. H₂S wird in einem mit KOH und NH₂OH beschickten Gefäß absorbiert und zugleich mit einer Blei(II)-Maßlösung titriert. Das Signal einer ionenspezifischen Sulfidelektrode wird zur Steuerung des Ganzen benützt. Die beschriebene Apparatur ermöglicht 45 Bestimmungen pro Tag. Die Standardabweichung liegt im Bereich von 5 bis 300g S bei etwa 0,14% abs. oder 0,7% rel.

     

Vacancy-assisted diffusion of alkoxy species on rutile TiO2(110)

Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory simulations, we have studied the diffusion of alkoxy species formed by the dissociation of alcohols on bridge-bonded oxygen (BBO) vacancies (BBO(V)'s) on TiO2(110). At elevated temperatures (>or=400 K) the sequential isothermal STM images show that mobile BBO(V)'s mediate the diffusion of alkoxy species by providing space for alkyl-group-bearing BBO atom to diffuse into. The experimental findings are further supported by simulations that find that BBO(V) diffusion is the rate limiting step in the overall diffusion mechanism.     

Born-von Kármán force constants of face-centred cubic metals studied by means of phonon frequency sums

Information concerning the Born-von 'Karmán (BvK) force constants of selected cubic metals are obtained from measured phonon frequencies by means of the gradual form of the frequency sum rule. Published model values of the BvK constants are commented on.