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1.
Abstract— Irradiation of near-UV light in the presence of FeCl3 caused oxidation of adenosine with concomitant reduction of Fe(III) under either aerobic or anaerobic atmosphere. Major photoproducts were adenine and adenosine-5'-aldehyde, showing that oxidation took place mostly at the ribose moiety of adenosine. Detailed study showed that the reaction proceeded by the light absorption due to Fe(III) at 300-350 nm. 相似文献
2.
Dobashi T Nobe M Yoshihara H Yamamoto T Konno A 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(16):6530-6534
Curdlan dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide was dialyzed to aqueous calcium chloride to form a gel. Transparent and turbid concentric layers observed in the gel cross section perpendicular to the long axis of the dialysis tube were identified as liquid crystalline gels with refractive index gradient and amorphous gels, respectively. The thickness of each layer was proportional to the diameter of the dialysis tube, and the gelation proceeded in proportion to the root of time. The unique pattern formation was attributed to the change of curdlan conformation and calcium-induced cross-linking resulting from a diffusion of calcium cations and hydroxide anions through the dialysis tube. It is suggested that the orderedness of the curdlan molecules decreases by the increase of the curvature of the concentric liquid crystal layers as the layer comes toward the center of the dialysis tube. 相似文献
3.
An approach to analysis of pigment release from microcapsules with size distribution 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Takao Yamamoto Toshiaki Dobashi Miho Kimura Chih Pong Chang 《Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces》2002,25(4):305-311
We have studied the release curve for microcapsules with size distribution. On the basis of an analogy to the relaxation phenomena with multiple characteristic times, we propose a stretched exponential release curve for the system with size distribution and relate the release curve to the size distribution function of the microcapsule. This method was successfully applied to the transfer of azo-pigments from inner medium of dioctyl phthalate to dispersing medium of methanol through poly(ureaurethane) microcapsule membrane. 相似文献
4.
Shinsaku Fujita 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》2007,117(3):353-370
Planted three-dimensional (3D) trees, which are defined as a 3D version of planted trees, are enumerated by means of Fujita’s
proligand method formulated in Parts 1–3 of this series [Fujita in Theor Chem Acc 113:73–79, 80–86, 2005; Fujita in Theor
Chem Acc 115:37–53, 2006]. By starting from the concepts of proligand and promolecule introduced previously [Fujita in Tetrahedron
47:31–46, 1991], a planted promolecule is defined as a 3D object in which the substitution positions of a given 3D skeleton are occupied by a root and proligands.
Then, such planted promolecules are introduced as models of planted 3D-trees. Because each of the proligands in a given planted
promolecule is regarded as another intermediate planted promolecule in a nested fashion, the given planted promolecule is
recursively constructed by a set of such intermediates planted promolecules. The recursive nature of such intermediate planted
promolecules is used to derive generating functions for enumerating planted promolecules or planted 3D-trees. The generating
functions are based on cycle indices with chirality fittingness (CI-CFs), which are composed of three kinds of sphericity
indices (SIs), i.e., a
d
for homospheric cycles, c
d
for enantiospheric cycles, and b
d
for hemispheric cycles. For the purpose of evaluating c
d
recursively, the concept of diploid is proposed, where the nested nature of c
d
is demonstrated clearly. The SIs are applied to derive functional equations for recursive calculations, i.e., a(x), c(x
2), and b(x). Thereby, planted 3D-trees or equivalently monosubstituted alkanes as stereoisomers are enumerated recursively by counting
planted promolecules. The resulting values are collected up to 20 carbon content in a tabular form. Now, the enumeration problem
initiated by mathematician Cayley [Philos Mag 47(4):444–446, 1874] has been solved in such a systematic and integrated manner
as satisfying both mathematical and chemical requirements. 相似文献
5.
Shinsaku Fujita 《Journal of mathematical chemistry》2003,33(2):113-143
Molecules of ligancy 4 that have been derived from an allene, an ethylene, a tetrahedral, and a square-planar skeleton have been investigated to show that their symmetries are dually and distinctly controlled by point groups and permutation groups. Insomuch as the point-group symmetry was exhibited to control the chirality/achirality of a molecule, sphericity in a molecule, and enantiomeric relationship between molecules [S. Fujita, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112 (1990) 3390], the permutation-group symmetry has been now clarified to control the stereogenicity of a molecule, tropicity in a molecule, and diastereomeric relationship between molecules. To characterize permutation groups, proper and improper permutations have been defined by comparing proper and improper rotations. Thereby, such permutation groups are classified into stereogenic and astereogenic ones. After a coset representation (CR) of a permutation group has been ascribed to an orbit (equivalence class), the tropicity of the orbit has been defined in term of the global stereogenicity and the local stereogenicity of the CR. As a result, the conventional stereogenicity has now been replaced by the concept local stereogenicity of the present investigation. The terms homotropic, enantiotropic, and hemitropic are coined and used to characterize prostereogenicity. Thus, a molecule is defined as being prostereogenic if it has at least one enantiotropic orbit. Since this definition has been found to be parallel with the definition of prochirality, relevant concepts have been discussed with respect to the parallelism between stereogenicity and chirality in order to restructure the theoretical foundation of stereochemistry and stereoisomerism. The derivation of the skeletons has been characterized by desymmetrization due to the subduction of CRs. The Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) system has been discussed from the permutational point of view to show that it specifies diastereomeric relationships only. The apparent specification of enantiomeric relationships by the CIP system has been shown to stem from the fact that diastereomeric relationships and enantiomeric ones overlap occasionally in case of tetrahedral molecules. 相似文献
6.
Shinsaku Fujita 《Journal of mathematical chemistry》2007,42(2):215-263
The concepts of double coset representations and sphericities of double cosets are proposed to characterize stereoisomerism, where double cosets are classified into three types, i.e., homospheric double cosets, enantiospheric double cosets, or hemispheric double cosets. They determine modes of substitutions (i.e., chirality fittingness), where homospheric double cosets permit
achiral ligands only; enantiospheric ones permit achiral ligands or enantiomeric pairs; and hemispheric ones permit achiral
and chiral ligands. The sphericities of double cosets are linked to the sphericities of cycles which are ascribed to right
coset representations. Thus, each cycle is assigned to the corresponding sphericity index (a
d
, c
d
, or b
d
) so as to construct a cycle indices with chirality fittingness (CI-CFs). The resulting CI-CFs are proved to be identical
with CI-CFs introduced in Fujita’s proligand method (S. Fujita, Theor. Chem. Acc. 113 (2005) 73–79 and 80–86). The versatility
of the CI-CFs in combinatorial enumeration of stereoisomers is demonstrated by using methane derivatives as examples, where
the numbers of achiral plus chiral stereoisomers, those of achiral stereoisomers, and those of chiral stereoisomers are calculated
separately by means of respective generating functions. 相似文献
7.
Naotomo Dobashi 《Tetrahedron letters》2007,48(27):4669-4673
Palladium-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane complex catalyzes regioselective Markovnikov addition of diphenylphosphine oxide to terminal alkynes in propionitrile, while the use of triarylphopshines, di(o-tolyl)phenylphosphine in particular, as the ligand leads to dehydrogenative double addition forming 1,2-diphenylphosphinyl-1-alkenes as major products. 相似文献
8.
Shinsaku Fujita 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》1990,78(1):45-63
Summary A coset representation (G(/G
i
)), which is defined algebraically by a coset decomposition of a finite groupG by its subgroupG
i
, is shown to be a method for the decomposition of a regular body into its point group orbits. This proof also shows that each member of theG(/G
i
) orbit belongs to theG
i
site-symmetry. In addition, a general equation concerning the multiplicities of such coset representations is derived and shown to involve Brester's equations and thek-value equations of framework groups as special cases. The relationship of the coset representation and the site-symmetry affords a general procedure for obtaining symmetry adapted functions. 相似文献
9.
Fujita S 《Chemical record (New York, N.Y.)》2002,2(3):164-176
The concept of sphericity and relevant fundamental concepts that we have proposed have produced a systematized format for comprehending stereochemical phenomena. Permutability of ligands in conventional approaches is discussed from a stereochemical point of view. After the introduction of orbits governed by coset representations, the concepts of subduction and sphericity are proposed to characterize desymmetrization processes, with a tetrahedral skeleton as an example. The stereochemistry and stereoisomerism of the resulting promolecules (molecules formulated abstractly) are discussed in terms of the concept of sphericity as a common mathematical and logical framework. Thus, these promolecules are characterized by point group and permutation group symmetry. Prochirality, stereogenicity, prostereogenicity, and relevant topics are described in terms of the concept of sphericity. 相似文献
10.
Shinsaku Fujita 《Journal of mathematical chemistry》2014,52(7):1717-1750
After the RS-stereoisomeric group \(\mathbf{D}_{2d\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}}\) of order 16 has been defined by starting point group \(\mathbf{D}_{2d}\) of order 8, the isomorphism between \(\mathbf{D}_{2d\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}}\) and the point group \(\mathbf{D}_{4h}\) of order 16 is thoroughly discussed. The non-redundant set of subgroups (SSG) of \(\mathbf{D}_{2d\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}}\) is obtained by referring to the non-redundant set of subgroups of \(\mathbf{D}_{4h}\) . The coset representation for characterizing the orbit of the four positions of an allene skeleton is clarified to be \(\mathbf{D}_{2d\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}}(/\mathbf{C}_{s\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}})\) , which is closely related to the \(\mathbf{D}_{4h}(/\mathbf{C}_{2v}^{\prime \prime \prime })\) . According to the unit-subduced-cycle-index (USCI) approach (Fujita, Symmetry and combinatorial enumeration of chemistry. Springer, Berlin 1991), the subduction of \(\mathbf{D}_{2d\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}}(/\mathbf{C}_{s\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}})\) is examined so as to generate unit subduced cycle indices with chirality fittingness (USCI-CFs). Then, the fixed-point matrix method of the USCI approach is applied to the USCI-CFs. Thereby, the numbers of quadruplets are calculated in an itemized fashion with respect to the subgroups of \(\mathbf{D}_{2d\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}}\) . After the subgroups of \(\mathbf{D}_{2d\widetilde{\sigma }\widehat{I}}\) are categorized into types I–V, type-itemized enumeration of quadruplets is conducted to illustrate the versatility of the stereoisogram approach. 相似文献