Application of X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry on quality control of scintillation crystals

The major components PbO and WO₃ in PWO crystals, Bi₂O₃ and GeO₂ in BGO crystals, as well as Gd, La, Nb, Mg, Mo, Bi, Sb and Y doped in PWO crystals and Eu doped in BGO crystals were successfully determined with X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) using fusion techniques. Calibration standards were synthesized with high‐purity oxides and standard solutions. The analysis results can meet the general requirements of the quality control of the crystal growth and research purpose. The relative standard deviations for Bi₂O₃, GeO₂, PbO and WO₃ are 0.21%, 0.18%, 0.25% and 0.22%, respectively (k = 8). The detection limits for dopants in PWO are below 5 µg/g for Gd, La, Nb, Mo, Sb and Y and below 20 µg/g for Mg and Bi. The detection limits for Eu doped in BGO are 8 µg/g. The testing results of XRF were compared with those of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. It was found that the relative differences of the testing results between the two methods are less than 10% for most dopants in PWO crystals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of Kβ/Kα in selecting calibration standards for X-ray fluorescence analysis

A method for improving the accuracy in X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis with pressed pellets was established through matching the calibration standards by the Kβ/Kα ratios. The Kβ/Kα ratios of four major elements (Al, Si, Ca, and Fe) were measured in 14 certified reference materials (CRMs) for geochemistry. The deviation of the biggest Kβ/Kα values relative to the smallest ones for the same element was from 1.52% (Si) to 20.98% (Al) when pressed pellets were used. The relative deviation of Kβ/Kα values for Ca was as high as 3.56% even for two soil CRMs (GBW07404 and GBW07408). X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the Ca elements in the two CRMs were in distinct phases, thereby leading to the different Kβ/Kα values. The Fundamental Parameter Method (FPM) results of two calibration strategies were compared. When one of the 14 CRMs was selected as unknown sample whereas the other 13 CRMs were used for calibration to determine Al₂O₃, SiO₂, CaO, and Fe₂O₃, the relative errors were 10.80%, 8.77%, 8.33%, and 10.91%, respectively. Another strategy, where only one CRM was used for calibration of samples with large errors, was adopted by matching Kβ/Kα values. The results of calibrating using CRM with similar Kβ/Kα values were more accurate than those with different Kβ/Kα values.     

毛细管区带电泳的电渗流

本文综述了毛细管区带电泳的电渗流速度公式，测量电渗流的方法和影响电渗流的主要因素。     

Efficient adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of Congo red onto hydrothermally synthesized NiS nanoparticles

The influence of the length of the cation alkyl chain on the dispersibility by ultrasonic treatment of TiO₂ nanopowders in hydrophilic imidazolium-based room temperature ionic liquids was studied for the first time by dynamic light scattering and advanced rheology. TiO₂ nanopowders had been synthesized by chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) under varied conditions leading to two different materials. A commercial nanopowder had been used for comparison. Characterizations had been done using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption with BET analysis, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Primary particle sizes were about 6 and 8 nm for the CVS-based and 26 nm for the commercial materials. The particle size distribution in the dispersion was strongly influenced by the length of the cation alkyl chain for all the investigated powders with different structural characteristics and concentrations in the dispersion. It was found that an increase of the alkyl chain length was beneficial, leading to a narrowing of the particle size distribution and a decrease of the agglomerate size in dispersion. The smallest average nanoparticle sizes in dispersion were around 30 nm. Additionally, the surface functionality of the nanoparticles, the concentration of the solid material in the liquid, and the period of ultrasonic treatment control the dispersion quality, especially in the case of the ionic liquids with the shorter alkyl chain. The influence of the nanopowders characteristics on their dispersibility decreases considerably with increasing cation alkyl chain length. The results indicate that ionic liquids with adapted structure are candidates as absorber media for nanoparticles synthesized in gas phase processes to obtain liquid dispersions directly without redispergation.     

用SymApps与Weblab-ViewerPro研究分子的对称性

介绍了使用化学软件SymApps与Weblab-ViewerPro研究分子对称性的方法。给出了研究分子点群和分子手性，并快速制作对称操作三维动画的实例。     

运动员运动负荷时Hb、pH及血液气体的变化

本文目的在于通过踏车运动负荷试验,为了解不同训练水平、不同性别的运动员在运动前、后Hb、pH及血气变化的特征,为运动员训练提供生理实验依据. 对象与方法测定对象为本校体育系径赛运动员,男性53例,平均年龄20岁,训练年限2～6年;女性14例,平均年龄19.75岁,训练年限2～4年;另选中学生10例,平均年龄16.83岁,以作比较,共测77例,其中46例运动前、后均测.     

运动负荷时呼吸反应的比较研究

为探讨运动负荷时呼吸反应和动态肺功能水平,本文对体育系运 动 员 ( 男 34 例、女10 例 ) 和健康的非运动员 ( 男 16 例、女8例 ) 进行了动态肺功能的比 较研 究.测 试 包括:五项标准化值 。 并 观 察 运动 负荷前后肺弥散功能的反应.结果显示:运动负荷时呼吸反应运动 员与非运动员、男性与女性有不同的特点.动态试验结果均以男运动员组为最佳.表明运 动可提高肺的动态功能及其适应能力.同时动态肺功能存在着显著的性别差异.本文认为,运动负荷试验和五项标准化值比较可用于运动员动态肺功能水平的评价     

Fire hazard suppression of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene based on a novel Ni‐containing char‐forming agent

Reducing the fire hazard of polypropylene (PP) is an important research direction in the fields of fire safety materials. In this article, a novel Ni‐containing char‐forming agent (TTPN) was successfully synthesized, using tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC), terephthalic acid, and nickel dihydrogen phosphate. Then, TTPN was combined with the silica‐gel microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (OS‐MCAPP) to prepare intumescent flame retardant PP composites. From the results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and cone calorimeter, the composite containing 30% IFR (OS‐MCAPP: TTPN = 3:2) shows the highest LOI value of 33.5%, and its peak heat release rate is 275.5 kWm^?2, decreased by 79.0% and 37.4% than those of pure PP and the composite containing the char‐forming agent without Ni. Meanwhile, the composite containing TTPN present the best smoke and CO₂/CO suppression. The results indicate that TTPN has an excellent ability to dramatically reduce the fire hazard of PP.     

Investigation of water influence on coal based on thermal oxidative degradation kinetics

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - In order to further understand the effect of the water content on spontaneous combustion of coal, the thermal oxidative degradation kinetics of coals...