Navigating Schooled Numeracies: Explanations for Low Achievement,in Mathematics of UK Children From Low SES Background

The intention of the research reported here was to seek explanations for low achievement in school mathematics, as conventionally assessed, that derive from broad understandings of mathematics as social. Such a broad social perspective can provide explanations for low achievement, which could lead to different understandings and hence to different teaching approaches. This study centered on 5- to 8-year-old children from a White working-class area in England. Data were collected during visits to the children in school, in their homes, and in the broader community over a 3-year period. Parents, teachers, and other professionals in the broad school context were interviewed, and data were also collected from school documents and policy statements. Interpretations of these data in terms of ways of understanding children's achievements in school mathematics are put forward. The potential effects of these factors on low schooled numeracy attainment are discussed, together with some possible strategic implications for practice and policy.     

A Flexible Solution to Anion Transport: Powerful Anionophores Based on a Cyclohexane Scaffold

Transmembrane anion carriers (anionophores) have potential for biological activity, including the treatment of channelopathies such as cystic fibrosis. A new family of anionophores has been synthesized, in which three thiourea groups are mounted on a cyclohexane‐based scaffold. Though conceptually related to earlier polycyclic systems, these molecules are simpler and far more accessible. Preorganization is somewhat reduced compared to earlier systems, and anion affinities are correspondingly lower. However, transport activities set new records. This surprising performance suggests a role for controlled flexibility in the design of transmembrane anion carriers.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中酚类化合物

建立了固相微萃取与气相色谱－质谱联用技术（SPME－GC－MS）测定水中酚类化合物的新方法，探讨了萃取时间、搅拌速度、离子强度、pH值和解吸时间等条件对萃取量的影响。结果表明：65μm PDMS/DVB涂层对水中的酚类化合物有较好的萃取效果，用于水中酚类化合物的测定，结果满意。     

在线液膜萃取富集流动注射分光光度法测定水中挥发酚

选用无毒性的磷酸三丁酯为流动载体，煤油为膜溶剂的液膜萃取体系，建立了液膜在线萃取富集流动注射分光光度法测定水中挥发酚的新方法。对实验条件进行了优化，在最优条件下，方法的检出限为0．0007mg/L；线性范围为0．001～0．01mg/L。应用于自来水及河水中挥发酚的检测，结果满意。     

Preparative isolation and purification of coumarins from Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn by high-speed counter-current chromatography

A preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method for isolation and purification of coumarins from Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (Baihuaqianhu in Chinese) was successfully established by using light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water as the two-phase solvent system in gradient elution mode. The upper phase of light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:5:5:5, v/v) was used as the stationary phase of HSCCC. The mobile phase used in HSCCC was the lower phase of light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:5:5:5, v/v) and light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:5:6.5:3.5, v/v) that was changed in gradient. Four kinds of coumarins and another unknown compound were obtained and yielded 5.3 mg of qianhucoumarin D, 7.7 mg of Pd-Ib, 35.8 mg of (+)-praeruptorin A, 31.9 mg of (+)-praeruptorin B and 6.4 mg of unknown compound with the purity of 98.6%, 92.8%, 99.5%, 99.4% and 99.8% in one-step separation, respectively. The structures of the coumarins were identified by 1H NMR and 13C NMR.     

Distribution of recombination lifetimes in amorphous silicon

Light-induced ESR (LESR) and luminescence in aSi:H are studied in order to resolve a recent controversy over whether the low temperature recombination is geminate or non-geminate. New transient measurements find that at moderate excitation intensities, luminescence is predominately monomolecular, whereas LESR is not. We show that the different behavior occurs because there is a very broad distribution of decay times for geminate electron-hole pairs. LESR is dominated by a small fraction of the pairs which have a very long decay time and which therefore slowly generate a non-geminate distribution. Luminescence is dominated by the closer geminate pairs that recombine quickly.     

Adsorption of water on JSC‐1A (simulated moon dust samples)—a surface science study

JSC‐1a (a simulated lunar dust sample) supported on a silica wafer (SiO₂/Si(111)) has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The adsorption kinetics of water has been studied primarily by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and in addition by collecting isothermal adsorption transients. Blind experiments on the silica support have been performed as well. JSC‐1a consists mostly of aluminosilicate glass and other minerals containing Fe, Na, Ca, and Mg, as characterized in detail in prior studies, for example, at NASA. The particle sizes span the range from a few micrometers up to 100 µm. At small exposures, H₂O TDS is characterized by broad (100–450) K structures; at large exposures, distinct TDS peaks emerge, which are assigned to amorphous solid water (ASW) (145 K) and crystalline ice (CI) (165 K). Water dissociates on JSC‐1a at small exposures but not on the bare silica support. Coadsorption TDS data (alkane–water mixtures) indicate that rather porous condensed ice layers form at large exposures, with the mineral particles acting most likely as nucleation sites. At thermal impact energies, the initial adsorption probability amounts to 0.92 ± 0.05. It is evident that the drop‐and‐dry technique, developed in studies about nanoparticles/tubes, can be extended to obtain samples for surface science studies based on powders consisting of particles with rather large diameters. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Ultra Trace Bisphenol A in Water Samples

Magnetic nanoparticle-assisted solid-phase dispersion (MMSPD) combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) prior to high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC–FLU) is presented for determination of ultra trace Bisphenol A (BPA) in water. Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs) were synthesized for the adsorption of BPA in water. Ultra trace BPA in water was transferred into the elute solvent by the MMSPD and further concentrated into trace volume extraction solvent by the DLLME. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.003 and 0.01 µg L^?1, respectively. Good linearity of BPA was found, ranging from 0.01 to 10 µg L^?1, with good squared regression coefficient (R ²) of 0.9999. Additionally, relative recoveries were 83.1 and 95.9% for two environmental water samples spiked with 0.20 µg L^?1 BPA, respectively. All results showed that the MMWCNTs nanoparticle-assisted MMSPD–DLLME–HPLC–FLU method was simple and reliable for the determination of ultra trace BPA in environmental water.