Long-wavelength Ultraviolet A1 and Visible Light Photoprotection: A Multimodality Assessment of Dose and Response

Human skin is exposed to visible light (VL; 400–700 nm) and long-wavelength ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) radiation (370–400 nm) after the application of organic broad-spectrum sunscreens. The biologic effects of these wavelengths have been demonstrated; however, a dose–response has not been investigated. Ten subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototype IV-VI were enrolled. Subjects were irradiated with 2 light sources (80–480 J cm⁻²): one comprising VL with less than 0.5% UVA1 (VL+UVA1) and the other pure VL. Skin responses were evaluated for 2 weeks using clinical and spectroscopic assessments. 4-mm punch biopsies were obtained from nonirradiated skin and sites irradiated with 480 J cm⁻² of VL+UVA1 and pure VL 24 h after irradiation. Clinical and spectroscopic assessments demonstrated a robust response at VL+UVA1 sites compared with pure VL. Histology findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the marker of inflammation (P < 0.05) and proliferation (P < 0.05) at the irradiated sites compared with nonirradiated control. Threshold doses of VL+UVA1 resulting in biologic responses were calculated. Results indicate that approximately 2 h of sun exposure, which equates to VL+UVA1 dose (~400 J cm⁻²), is capable of inducing inflammation, immediate erythema and delayed tanning. These findings reinforce the need of photoprotection beyond the UV range.     

On General Mixed Quasivariational Inequalities

In this paper, we suggest and analyze several iterative methods for solving general mixed quasivariational inequalities by using the technique of updating the solution and the auxiliary principle. It is shown that the convergence of these methods requires either the pseudomonotonicity or the partially relaxed strong monotonicity of the operator. Proofs of convergence is very simple. Our new methods differ from the existing methods for solving various classes of variational inequalities and related optimization problems. Various special cases are also discussed.     

Parametric Quintic-Spline Approach to the Solution of a System of Fourth-Order Boundary-Value Problems

In this paper, we use parametric quintic splines to derive some consistency relations which are then used to develop a numerical method for computing the solution of a system of fourth-order boundary-value problems associated with obstacle, unilateral, and contact problems. It is known that a class of variational inequalities related to contact problems in elastostatics can be characterized by a sequence of variational inequations, which are solved using some numerical method. Numerical evidence is presented to show the applicability and superiority of the new method over other collocation, finite difference, and spline methods.     

Some algorithms for hemiequilibrium problems

In this paper, we suggest and analyze a class of iterative methods for solving hemiequilibrium problems using the auxiliary principle technique. We prove that the convergence of these new methods either requires partially relaxed strongly monotonicity or pseudomonotonicity, which is a weaker condition than monotonicity. Results obtained in this paper include several new and known results as special cases.     

Modified Householder iterative method free from second derivatives for nonlinear equations

In this paper, we suggest and analyze a new two-step predictor–corrector type iterative method free from second derivatives for solving nonlinear equations of the type f(x)=0. This new method includes the two-step Newton method as a special case. We prove that the new iterative method is of fourth-order. Several examples are given to illustrate the efficiency of this new method and its comparison with other iterative methods. This method can be considered as a significant improvement of the Newton method and its variant forms.     

Task Specific Onium Salts and Ionic Liquids as Soluble Supports in Grieco ’s Multicomponent Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines

In this work was presented an application of the use of task specific onium salts (TSOSs) as soluble supports in Grieco’s multicomponent synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines. These soluble supports are of wide applicability and combine advantages of solid phase synthesis without its limitations with those of solution phase chemistry. After a simple washing step, products were cleaved from the supports and obtained in pure form and good yields.     

Iterative Schemes for Nonconvex Variational Inequalities

In this paper, we suggest and analyze some iterative methods for solving nonconvex variational inequalities using the auxiliary principle technique, the convergence of which requires either only pseudomonotonicity or partially relaxed strong monotonicity. Our proofs of convergence are very simple. As special cases, we obtain earlier results for solving general variational inequalities involving convex sets.     

Analysis of anions by solid-state spot-tests

Trituration and capillary solid-state spot-tests for 25 anions with a number of organic and inorganic reagents have been examined. A comparative study of the corresponding reactions in solution has also been made. Incorporation of a glass-wool plug in the capillary improves the selectivity. Schemes are presented for possible use of the technique.     

Heterocyclic synthesis via enaminones: Novel synthesis of (1H)‐pyridin‐2‐one,pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine and isoxazole derivatives incorporating a N‐methylphthalimide and their biological evaluation

Novel synthesis of (1H)‐pyridin‐2‐one, pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine and isoxazole derivatives incorporating N‐methylphthalimide moiety are reported. Reaction of enaminone 2 with malononitrile affords 4. Condensation of 2 with cyanothioacetamide or benzoylacetonitrile affords compounds 6 and 7 respectively. Reaction of 2 with hydrazine hydrate afford 2,3‐dihydrophthalazine‐1,4‐dione ( 10 ). Condensation of 2 with hydroxylamine and 3‐aminopyrazole derivatives affords compounds 12 and 15a,b respectively. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity were determined for representative compounds and most of them showed moderate activity as antimicrobial agents, while compounds 2 and 7 show strong activity against Aspergillus niger. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was elucidated by elemental analyses and ¹H nmr spectra and some cases by ¹³C nmr investigation.     

Selected valence electron split-shell molecular orbital calculations on the diatomic interhalogen molecules

Selected valence electron split-shell molecular orbital calculations have been performed on the diatomic interhalogen molecules in order to obtain their binding energies, equilibrium internuclear distances, vibrational force constants, dipole moments and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants. The results are compared with the corresponding closedshell values and with those of some previous semiempirical and nonempirical all valence electron calculations. It is observed that the selected valence electron split-shell molecular orbital method which involves the least amount of computations yields results in better agreement with experiment than other methods.