Combined CARS/LDA instrument for simultaneous temperature and velocity measurements

The performance of a combined CARS/LDA instrument capable of measuring temperature and two velocity components with a time coincidence of about 4 s is evaluated in a turbulent premixed propane-air Bunsen-burner flame. Measurements near the base of the flame exhibit negative axial correlations, indicative of normal gradient transport; those near the flame tip show strong positive axial correlations, indicative of transport counter to the temperature gradient. The radial correlations are positive both in the reaction zone and in the plume. An analysis of temperature data from measurements made (1) independent of and (2) coincidental with LDA measurements indicates that the CARS/LDA instrument provides a density-weighted velocity, temperature, and velocity temperature correlation due to the density variations in the flame.     

Synthesis of the methanesulfonates of α-(4-chlorophenyl)-α-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)emenyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol and α-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]-α-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol,alpha styryl carbinol antifungal agents

The methanesulfonates of (α-(4-chlorophenyl)-α-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol and α-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]-α-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol ( 1a, b ) are orally effective α-styryl carbinol derivatives developed for the treatment and prevention of systemic fungal infections. Practical new processes amenable for the large-scale production of these compounds are described. Of note is the selection of dichlorostyrene as a convenient precursor of the styryl portion, modification of a sensitive Grignard addition into a realistic preparative reaction and the use of 1,2,4-triazole simultaneously as a base transfer agent and nucleophile.     

Determination of oil–water partition coefficients of polar compounds: silicone membrane equilibrator vs. SPME passive sampler

Experimental determination of oil-water partition coefficients often poses difficulties associated with emulsion formation. The aim of this work was to find an appropriate technique for determination of oil–water partition coefficients of polar, nonvolatile compounds. Two different methods were tested. The first method used a “silicone membrane equilibrator.” For the second method, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers with a polyacrylate (PA) coating were used as a passive sampler. With both methods, oil–water partition coefficients for 14 compounds with polar functional groups were determined at 37 °C with good repeatability (standard deviation 0.11 log units or lower). The partition coefficients determined with the silicone membrane equilibrator method ranged from 0.50 to 3.49 log units. The oil–water partition coefficients obtained with the PA-SPME passive sampling approach were significantly higher than those obtained with the silicone membrane equilibrator method for nine of 14 compounds. The differences were up to 0.39 log units (i.e., a factor of 2.5). Additional experiments suggested that this difference occurred because the sorption properties of the PA fibers used were influenced by the surrounding phase, e.g., through swelling of the polymer phase. Therefore, the SPME passive sampling method using PA fibers seems to be less reliable, whereas the silicone membrane equilibrator method was found to be a convenient technique for the determination of oil–water partitioning.     

Two-color particle-imaging velocimetry using a single argon-ion laser

A swept-beam, two-color particle-imaging velocimetry (PIV) technique has been developed which utilizes a single argon-ion laser for illuminating the seed particles in a flowfield. In previous two-color PIV techniques two pulsed lasers were employed as the different-color light sources. In the present experiment the particles in a two-dimensional shear-layer flow were illuminated using arotating mirror to sweep the 488.0-nm (blue) and 514·5-nm (green) lines of the argon-ion laser through a test section. The blue- and greenparticle positions were recorded on color film with a 35-mm camera. The unique color coding eliminates the directional ambiguities associated with single-color techniques because the order in which the particle images are produced is known. Analysis of these two-color PIV images involved digitizing the exposed film to obtain the blue and green-particle image fields and processing the digitized images with velocity-displacement software. Argon-ion lasers are available in many laboratories; with the addition of a rotating mirror and a few optical components, it is possible to conduct flow-visualization experiments and make quantitative velocity measurements in many flow facilities.List of symbols d length of displacement vector - d _m distance between rotating mirror and concave mirror - n _f number of facets on rotating mirror - R seed-particle radius - v velocity in x, y plane - v _s sweep velocity of laser beams, assumed to be in y direction from top to bottom of field of view - v _x, v _y, v _z x, y, and z components of velocity - x ₁, y ₁ color-1 particle coordinates - x ₂, y ₂ color-2 particle coordinates - y _max y dimension of field of view, assumed to be the long dimension - s spatial separation of beams as they approach rotating mirror - t time separation of laser sheets or of swept beams passing fixed point - t _b time between successive sweeps through test section by same beam - t _s time required for both beams to sweep through test section - angular separation of beams reflecting from rotating mirror - fluid viscosity - v angular velocity of rotating mirror in cycles per second - seed-particle density - seed-particle response time - _v, _d, _t standard deviation of velocity, displacement, and time - vorticity This work was supported, in part, by the Aero Propulsion and Power Directorate of Wright Laboratory under Contract No. F33615-90-C-2033.     

Approximation of the dual problem for error estimation in inelastic problems

In numerical simulations with the finite element method the dependency on the mesh – and for time-dependent problems on the time discretization – arises. Adaptive refinements in space (and time) based on goal-oriented error estimation [1] become more and more popular for finite element analyses to balance computational effort and accuracy of the solution. The introduction of a goal quantity of interest defines a dual problem which has to be solved to estimate the error with respect to it. Often such procedures are based on a space-time Galerkin framework for instationary problems [2]. Discretization results in systems of equations in which the unknowns are nodal values. Contrary, in current finite element implementations for path-dependent problems some quantities storing information about the path-dependence are located at the integration points of the finite elements [3], e.g. plastic strains etc. In this contribution we propose an approach – similar to [4] for sensitivity analysis – for the approximation of the dual problem which mainly maintains the structure of current finite element implementations for path-dependent problems. Here, the dual problem is introduced after discretization. A numerical example illustrates the approach. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

High-performance affinity chromatography of messenger RNA.

A 50-mer of thymidylic acid, (dT)50, was coupled to silica inside prepacked columns using the N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The resulting (dT)50-silica columns were used to resolve oligomers of adenylic acid, (dA)19-24, and to separate poly(A) mRNA (messenger RNA) from Saccharomyces. Oligomers which differed in length by a single nucleotide base were readily resolved. Using either (dT)50- or (dT)18-silica, poly(A) mRNA could be purified in as little as 8 min. The poly(A) mRNA isolated appeared to be full length and could be used directly for T4 RNA ligase and RNAse A and T1 enzymatic reactions. The (dT)50-silica column was used to fractionate total poly(A) mRNA by tail length. While the separation was primarily due to poly(A) tail length, most fractions appeared to contain multiple tail lengths. Whether this represents an intrinsic feature of the RNA or a limitation of the method is discussed. These studies show that polynucleotides in the kilobase size range can be separated rapidly and with good resolution on DNA-silica.     

Experiments on snap buckling, hysteresis and loop formation in twisted rods

We give the results of large deflection experiments involving the bending and twisting of 1 mm diameter nickel-titanium alloy rods, up to 2 m in length. These results are compared to calculations based on the Cosserat theory of rods. We present details of this theory, formulated as a boundary value problem. The mathematical boundary conditions model the experimental setup. The rods are clamped in aligned chucks and the experiments are carried out under rigid loading conditions. An experiment proceeds by either twisting the ends of the rod by a certain amount and then adjusting the slack, or fixing the slack and varying the amount of twist. In this way, commonly encountered phenomena are investigated, such as snap buckling, the formation of loops, and buckling into and out of planar configurations. The effect of gravity is discussed.