Development and Validation of LC-ESI-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Alfuzosin in Human Plasma

Journal of Analytical Chemistry - A new liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for alfuzosin quantification in...     

Adsorption of Molybdenum on Titania from Aqueous Solutions

The adsorption of Mo from dilute aqueous solutions (10(-3) to 3x10(-2) M) is effected on three samples of titania, two are anatase and the third is P25, which is composed of rutile and anatase. The adsorption isotherms at 298, 318, and 338 K are analyzed using a Langmuir linear equation. The isotherms on P25 showed a distinct inflection point that is reproduced by two linear portions, indicating different adsorption regimes. This adsorption behavior is explained as follows: with low amount adsorbed the adsorption is initiated by protonation of the basic hydroxyls on which the negatively charged MoO(4)(2-')s are adsorbed, and this is accompanied by an increase in the pH of the impregnating solution. At higher adsorption the coordinatively unsaturated Ti(4+) sites participate in the process, leading to a decline in the initial increase in pH. In the case of the two anatase samples the low surface area resulted in poor distribution of adsorption sites; consequently, the distinction between the two modes of adsorption was not entirely clear. The higher adsorption site density in the case of anatase is accompanied by a lower surface coverage, θ, than that for P25. The heat of adsorption, Q, on the three titania samples showed a linear increase with θ, which is represented by the regression equation: -Q=95.77θ-4.25 (R(2)=0.993). Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Adsorption of Some Essential Amino Acids on Hydroxyapatite

Samples of synthetic hydroxyapatite, Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2), obtained by wet method and calcined at 1173 K in air were used in an adsorption study of some essential amino acids, mainly histidine, methionine, and tryptophan. Adsorption isotherms were obtained using aqueous solutions of concentration range 2.7x10(-2)-1.3x10(-3) M at 303, 318, and 343 K, under near neutral conditions. The mode of adsorption was studied using IR spectroscopy. The results are discussed in terms of the dependence of the adsorption process both on the functional groups on the hydroxyapatite and on the solution chemistry of the aqueous amino acids solutions. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Lithiation of 2-Alkyl-3-amino- and 2-Alkyl-3-(methylamino)-4(3H)-quinazolinones(1)

3-Amino-2-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone has been doubly lithiated, on nitrogen and in the 2-methyl group, with n-butyllithium. The lithium reagent thus obtained reacts with a variety of electrophiles (D(2)O, benzophenone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, tetraisopropylthiuram disulfide (TITD)) to give the corresponding 2-substituted derivatives in very good yields. Reactions of the dilithio reagent with 2 molar equiv of methyl iodide or phenyl isocyanate give disubstituted derivatives. Double lithiation of the 2-ethyl and 2-propyl analogues have been achieved using LDA, and subsequent reactions with most electophiles are then similar. In the reaction of the dianion of the 2-ethyl compound with TITD, deamination from position 3 takes place with the formation of the 2-substituted derivative. In reactions with prochiral ketones, the dianion of the 2-ethyl compound gives very high diastereoselectivity. Lithiation and subsequent reactions of 3-(methylamino) analogues take place in a similar manner, thus providing access to a range of substituted 3-(methylamino)-2-alkyl-4(3H)-quinazolinones by a general procedure. Lithiation of 3-(dimethylamino)-2-ethyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone did not take place under similar conditions. Lithiation of 3-amino-2-unsubstituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone was also unsuccessful.     

Spectrofluorometric determination of certain quinolone antibacterials using metal chelation

Simple, rapid, reliable, and sensitive spectrofluorometric methods were developed for the determination of eight quinolone antibacterials namely ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, difloxacin, amifloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. The methods depend on the chelation of each of the studied drugs with zirconium, molybdenum, vanadium or tungsten to produce fluorescent chelates. Different factors affecting the relative fluorescence intensity of the resulting chelates were studied and optimised. At the optimum reaction conditions, the drug-metal chelates showed excitation maxima ranging from 274 to 295 nm and emission maxima ranging from 409 to 495 nm. The chelates were found to be stable at room temperature for 2 days and show good stability upon increasing temperature to 50 °C for about 1 h. Rectilinear calibration graphs were obtained in the range of 10-60 ng ml⁻¹ for each of the investigated drugs and the limits of detection and quantitation ranged from 1.214 to 2.046 and from 4.047 to 6.819 ng ml⁻¹, respectively. The molar ratios of the formed chelates were determined by Job's method and their association constants were also calculated. The developed methods were applied successfully for the determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage forms with a good precision and accuracy compared to official and reported methods as revealed by t- and F-tests. They were also applied for the determination of studied drugs in spiked urine and plasma samples.     

Three-phase plasma arc atomic-emission spectrometric analysis of environmental samples using an ultrasonic nebulizer

Combination of an ultrasonic nebulizer and plasma excitation sources for spectrochemical analysis offers desirable features of low detection limits, high sample throughput, wide dynamic range of operation, acceptable precision and accuracy, and simultaneous quantitative analytical capabilities. Moreover, the ultrasonic nebulizer does not require sample preconcentration. Recently we have developed a three-phase plasma arc (TPPA) for atomic emission spectrochemical analysis. In the present work, to increase the analytical utility of the three-phase plasma system, an ultrasonic nebulizer was used for sample introduction. The effects of the argon gas flow rate, current, excitation temperature have been studied. The analytical calibration curves are obtained for Ca, Cr, Fe, Mg and Mn, and detection limits have been calculated. The present technique is used to determine the concentration of the elements Ca, Cr, Fe, Mg and Mn in airborne samples.     

Ion exchangers as catalysts. II. Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with resin-ethylenediamine-copper(II) complex ions

Summary The slow decomposition of H₂O₂ in the presence of Dowex-50 W resin in the form of an ethylenediaminecopper(II) complex ion in water is accompanied by an induction period. The reaction is first order with respect to [H₂O₂] and the rate constant (perg of dry resin) was deduced. Autocatalytic behaviour was found for the H₂O₂ decomposition with 2% crosslinked divinylbenzene. The induction period disappeared and the reaction rate increased when the decomposition was carried out with a resin in the form of a peroxo-copper complex, which proves that the formation of an intermediate (active species) retards the reaction rate. The precursor of the active species, formed during the induction period, was not the amine-copper(II) complex ion but a product of the latter with H₂O₂. It proved impossible to carry out the decomposition in acid or buffer solutions, in which the resin is regenerated.     

Comparison of the heat- and pressure-induced helix-coil transition of two DNA copolymers

The helix-coil transition of poly[d(I-C)] and poly[d(A-T)] was studied as a function of hydrostatic pressure, temperature, and sodium ion concentration. These studies were undertaken in light of a recently published phase diagram for double stranded nucleic acids [Dubins et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9254-9259]. The sign and magnitude of the volume change for the heat-induced helix-coil transition, DeltaV(T), of poly[d(I-C)] and poly[d(A-T)] were dependent on the helix-coil transition temperature, T(M), at atmospheric pressure. The sign of DeltaV(T) changed from negative to positive as T(M) was increased by increasing the sodium ion concentration. For poly[d(I-C)], DeltaV(T) = 0 cm(3) mol(-1), when the sodium ion concentration is such that the spectroscopically monitored T(M) = 55 degrees C at atmospheric pressure. For poly[d(A-T)], the value of DeltaV(T) = 0 under conditions such that T(M) = 47 degrees C at atmospheric pressure. Negative values of DeltaV(T) imply that the helical form is destabilized at high pressure. Under experimental conditions where the DeltaV(T) for the transition is negative, the transition could be caused by increasing the pressure under isothermal conditions. At temperatures below T(M) measured at atmospheric pressure the midpoint of the pressure-induced helix-coil transition, P(M), decreases with increasing temperature. The volume change of the pressure-induced transitions helix-coil transition, DeltaV(P), was calculated assuming a two-state model. The magnitude of DeltaV(P) (per cooperative length) was much larger than the volume change (per base pair) measured for the heat-induced transition, DeltaV(T), calculated using the Clapeyron equation. The ratio of these two volume changes was used to calculate the cooperative length for the pressure-induced transition. This parameter depends strongly on temperature, becoming greater closer to T(M) measured at atmospheric pressure. At temperatures approaching T(M) the magnitude of the cooperative length of the pressure-induced transition is approximately twice that observed for the heat-induced transition (N(T)). On the basis of the temperature dependence of the DeltaV(T) for the two polymers the coefficient of thermal expansion of the two polymers was found to be 0.17 and 0.16 cm(3) K(-1) mol(-1) for poly[d(I-C)] and poly[d(A-T)], respectively.     

Elucidation of the structures of 3-alkylthio-, 3-benzylthio-, 2-arylthio- and 2-heteroarylthio-N1-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N4-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamines by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy

Nucleophilic addition of alkyl- and benzylthiols to benzoquinone diimine (1) gave the corresponding 3-alkylthio- or 3-benzylthio-1,4-phenylenediamines (2-5). However, addition of aryl- or heteroarylthiols to 1 formed 2-arylthio- or 2-heteroarylthio-1,4-phenylenediamines (6-14). The structures of 2-14, obtained in 55-91% yields, were confirmed in CDCl3 or DMSO-d6 solution using 1D (NOE difference, coupled 13C NMR spectra, APT and DEPT) and 2D NMR techniques [DQCOSY, NOESY, HETCOR and heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC)] that resulted in unambiguous proton and carbon NMR resonance assignments. The substituent-induced 13C NMR chemical shift differences were calculated in 2-14 relative to carbon atoms in the model compound N1-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N4-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DMBPPD) (15) (a reduced form of benzoquinone diimine).