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1.
Kristian Hougaard Frederik D. Nielsen 《Journal of Optical and Fiber Communications Reports》2004,1(1):63-83
In this paper we will present an overview of the use
of photonic crystal fibers as fiber amplifiers. We
will describe the basic concepts of optical
amplification, and how to do numerical modelling of
such components. We will then identify advantages
and disadvantages of amplifiers based on PCF
technology compared to conventional fibers, and then
go into greater detail on some of these specific
applications, such as low pump power amplifiers, and
high-power double-clad amplifiers and lasers. 相似文献
2.
The Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of certain black holes can be computed microscopically in string theory by mapping the elusive
problem of counting microstates of a strongly gravitating black hole to the tractable problem of counting microstates of a
weakly coupled D-brane system, which has no event horizon, and indeed comfortably fits on the head of a pin. We show here
that, contrary to widely held beliefs, the entropy of spherically symmetric black holes can easily be dwarfed by that of stationary
multi-black-hole “molecules” of the same total charge and energy. Thus, the corresponding pin-sized D-brane systems do not
even approximately count the microstates of a single black hole, but rather those of a zoo of entropically dominant multicentered
configurations.
Fourth Award in the 2007 Essay Competition of the Gravity Research Foundation. 相似文献
3.
4.
An accurate primary Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method for the determination of moisture in mineral and ester based lubricants has been developed based on the extraction of moisture into dry acetonitrile. FTIR evaluation of acetonitrile extracts from new and used lubricants as well as common lubricant additives and contaminants which might co-extract indicated that phenolic constituents interfered significantly with moisture measurements. By measuring moisture at 3676 cm−1 on the shoulder of the asymmetric OH stretching band, spectral interferences from extracted phenolic constituents were minimized. The spectra of calibration standards (0-2100 ppm), prepared by gravimetric addition of water to dry acetonitrile, were recorded in a 1000-μm CaF2 transmission flow cell and produced linear standard curves having an S.D. of ∼±20 ppm. Lubricant sample preparation involved the vigorous shaking (20 min) of a 1:1.5 (w/v) mixture of lubricant and dry acetonitrile, centrifugation to separate the phases, acquisition of the FTIR spectrum of the upper acetonitrile layer, and subtraction of the spectrum of the dry acetonitrile used for extraction. A Continuous Oil Analyzer and Treatment (COAT®) FTIR system was programmed to allow the automated analysis of acetonitrile extracts, and the methodology was validated by analyzing 58 new and used oils, independently analyzed by the Karl Fischer (KF) method. Linear regression of FTIR versus KF results for these oils produced a linear plot with a between-method S.D. of ±80 ppm. As implemented on the COAT® system, this FTIR method is capable of analyzing 72 acetonitrile extracts/h and provides a high-speed alternative to the KF titrimetric procedures for the determination of water in lubricants. 相似文献
5.
Prasain JK Moore R Hurst JS Barnes S van Kuijk FJ 《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》2005,40(7):916-923
Carotenoids have been implicated in protection of the eye from light-mediated photo-toxicity caused by free radicals. Under conditions of normal oxidative stress the carotenoids serve as protective antioxidants; however, when the oxidative stress exceeds the antioxidant capacity, carotenoids can be oxidized into numerous cleavage products. The determination and identification of oxidized carotenoids in biological samples remains a major challenge due to the small sample size and low stability of these compounds. We investigated the reaction of various zeaxanthin cleavage products with O-ethyl hydroxylamine to evaluate their levels in a biological sample. For this, a sensitive and specific electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was developed, avoiding the classical lower sensitive and specific HPLC-UV and fluorescence absorption methods. Protonated molecules [M + H](+) of carotenoids upon collision-induced dissociation produced a number of structurally characteristic product ions. A series of complicated clusters of product ions differing in 14 (CH(2))and 26 (C(2)H(2))Da was characteristic of the polyene chain of intact carotenoids. All carotenoid ethyl oximes of zeaxanthin cleavage products were characterized by the losses of 60 and 61 Da in their MS/MS spectra. Through the application of the LC/MS/MS method, we identified two oxime derivatives of 3-hydroxy-beta-ionone and 3-hydroxy-14'-apocarotenal with protonated molecules at m/z 252 and m/z 370 respectively, in a human eye sample. 相似文献
6.
The first solid-phase methodology for the preparation of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines is presented. Merrifield resin bearing a cysteamine "traceless" linker was treated with 4-oxo-N-(PhF)proline benzyl ester (10; PhF = 9-(9-phenylfluorenyl)) to provide resin-bound aminopyrrole 20, which was treated with ethyl, phenyl, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl isocyanates to furnish resin-bound ureidopyrroles 21a-d. Resin-bound pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines 22a-d were then obtained by acylation of 21 using trichloroacetyl chloride in dioxane followed by treatment with Cs2CO3 in DMF. Cleavage of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines 22a-d from the resin was achieved in two steps, by oxidation of the sulfur to the sulfone followed by beta-elimination in the presence of t-BuONa. Four pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines, 24a-d, with different alkyl and aryl substituents at the N3 pyrimidine nitrogen, were thus obtained in overall yields of 42-50% and purities of 90-100%. 相似文献
7.
Herein, we discuss the analyses and quantification of the different components in porphyrin mixtures, prepared from p-anisaldehyde, p-tolualdehyde, and 5-(4-bromophenyl)-dipyrromethane with acid catalysis, using NMR and HPLC. The advantages and disadvantages of these analytical methods are emphasized. Due to the similar size of a bromine atom and a methyl group it was possible to grow crystals suitable for X-ray crystallographic studies from a mixture of porphyrins, where the 4-position of the meso-phenyl rings was either substituted with methyl groups or bromine atoms. We also show that X-ray studies are inferior to NMR analysis for determining the components in a porphyrin mixture. 相似文献
8.
Oren?Regev Jean-Fran?ois?Gohy Bas?G.?G.?Lohmeijer Sunil?K.?Varshney Dominique?H.?W.?Hubert Peter?M.?Frederik Ulrich?S.?SchubertEmail author 《Colloid and polymer science》2004,282(4):407-411
Metallo-supramolecular diblock copolymers consisting of a polystyrene (PS) block connected to a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block by a bis(terpyridine)ruthenium complex (PS20-[Ru]-PEO
y
) were used to prepare aqueous micelles. The length of the PS block was kept constant, while two PEOs of different molecular weight were used. The resulting hydrated micelles and aggregates were characterized by a combination of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and dynamic light scattering measurements. The results were compared to those obtained for a covalent counterpart (PS22-b-PEO70). Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy allowed visualization of the PS core of the micelles. Moreover, the aggregates result from clustering of individual micelles. 相似文献
9.
10.