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排序方式: 共有454条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Hans-Christian Stolzenberg Gunther Kalnowski Wolfgang Dott 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1995,61(6):627-631
A new integrated system for reproducible, automated mechanical stimulation and measurement of bioluminescence (BL) in multiple samples of marine dinoflagellate cell suspensions is described. The system was designed to allow the application of standardized experimental routines to parallel test vials for the purpose of toxicity testing. A sample tray delivered test vials to the position of mechanical stimulation and BL measurement. Mechanical stimulation of BL was applied as sharp rotation-onset of the test vial about its vertical axis. Thus, any direct chemical or physical perturbation of the cell suspension was avoided. A silicon photovoltaic cell measured the emitted light. Stimulation, measurement and recording of BL were integrated and controlled by specially developed software, which runs on a personal computer in the graphic environment of MS-Windows. Precise scheduling, flexible programming and identical repetition of experimental routines are possible in practice. For Gonyaulax polyedra, details of BL, as stimulated and measured with the new system, are presented and discussed. We conclude that the system exhibits specific features that offer wide potential of application in several fields of research on dinoflagellate BL, particularly for toxicity testing. 相似文献
2.
3.
The improved algorithm surface irradiance derived from a range of satellite-based sensors (SIDES) is presented in this article. It calculates various types of surface UV intensities, such as biologically weighted or unweighted UV spectra, integrated doses or irradiance at specific wavelengths, using data from satellite instruments. These surface UV data are mainly useful for environmental impact or process studies where high accuracy or a high temporal resolution is required. In contrast to several previous studies, SIDES has been validated with spectral measurements. By this method an averaging of positive or negative deviations over the complete wavelength range is avoided. This is especially important for UV wavelengths around 300 nm where biological effectiveness is highest. The results of SIDES deviate less than 7% from ground-based observations for wavelengths between 295 and 400 nm. In contrast, the corresponding deviations of the joint research center algorithm escalate for shorter wavelengths, reaching 35% at 295 nm. This large deviation is due to an inaccurate interpolation procedure that has been detected by spectral analysis. Thus, spectral validation is demonstrated to be an appropriate tool to detect weaknesses in such an algorithm and provides information essential for improvement. 相似文献
4.
José Fernández Bertrán Boris La Serna Klaus Doerffel Klaus Dathe Gunther Kabish 《Journal of Molecular Structure》1982
The Fermi doublet V2?V3 + V4 of CH3CN in basic, inert and acidic solvents has been studied by IR and Raman spectroscopy. The values of W, the Fermi coupling coefficient, obtained from IR spectra varies with the nature of the solvent while W evaluated from Raman data remains constant at 12.5 ± 0.5 cm?1. The similar effects of Bronsted and Lewis acids on the band frequencies and intensities is evidence that the CN group complexes with acids via the N atom “n” electron pair and not the π bond. 相似文献
5.
M. -E. Y. Mohie-Eldin R. B. Frankel L. Gunther G. C. Papaefthymiou 《Hyperfine Interactions》1995,96(1):111-138
Mössbauer studies of the ubiquitous protein molecule ferritin and its synthetic biomimic polysaccharide iron complex (PIC) exhibit an anomaly in the Mössbauer spectrum wherein the recoil free fraction orf-factor has a sharp drop with respect to temperature as the temperature rises above 30 K for mammalian ferritin and 60 K for PIC. The anomaly coincides with the disappearance of hyperfine splitting, which is due to superparamagnetic relaxation above the blocking temperature. Different absorbers were used to experimentally investigate the effect of absorber thickness on the Mössbauer spectrum. The anomaly persists for thin absorbers. Also, spectra treated with FFT procedures to eliminate the thickness effect still exhibit this anomaly. Motion of the core with respect to the protein shell was also eliminated as a possible source for this phenomenon, by comparing the Debye temperature obtained from the temperature dependence of thef-factor and the isomer shift. A comparison of the magnetic anisotropy constants from magnetization studies with those obtained by relating the hyperfine fieldH of the Mössbauer spectra to the fluctuations of the magnetization imply that the ferritin and PIC molecules possess magnetic anisotropy energy which may not be strictly uniaxial. This, we believe, may be intimately connected with the mechanism causing thef-factor anomaly.This work was carried out in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the PhD degree at Tufts University. 相似文献
6.
New Entrance Optics for Solar Spectral UV Measurements 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The investigation of the impact of solar UV radiation on the biosphere requires spectral measurements of solar UV radiation of high accuracy. However, the accuracy of current measurements is limited, and this can partly be attributed to the entrance optics of the instruments used for these examinations. The angular response of spectro-radiometers measuring spectral global UV irradiance should be given by the cosine of the incidence angle. In-tercomparison campaigns have shown that deviations from this ideal cosine response lead to uncertainties in solar measurements of more than 10%. Here we present recently developed entrance optics that reduce these uncertainties to ±4% in the UV. The new entrance optics have been characterized with respect to their angular response, transmission, weather durability, fluorescence and dependence of the angular response on wavelength and polarization. Solar spectroradiometric measurements carried out with the new optics were compared with simultaneously performed measurements of a second spectroradiometer that was equipped with a conventional diffuser. The deviations of up to 12% between both systems are quantitatively explained to within 3%. 相似文献
7.
Christina Schmidt A. M. Sarwaruddin Chowdhury† Klaus Neuking Gunther Eggeler 《高分子科学杂志,A辑:纯化学与应用化学》2013,50(3):204-210
Thermomechanical cycles including programming, cooling, unloading and heating to trigger the 1WE were examined for a shape memory polymer (SMP), Tecoflex® (TFX EG-72D). Cycles were performed at 60°C with 50% and 225% strains and the recovery time of 10 min. Strains evolving with time were estimated during the thermomechanical treatments for the total 44 cycles using 50% strains and the total 50 cycles using 225% strains. Recovery ratios for 50% strains and 225% were also estimated. It turns out that programming, cooling, unloading and heating to trigger the 1WE causes an increase of irreversible strain and is associated with a corresponding decrease of the intensity of the 1WE in particular during the first thermomechanical cycles. In parallel scanning electron microscopic study using secondary electron imaging shows a very slight wavy surface structure evolved during cycling. 相似文献
8.
Dr. Gunther Hellmann Dr. Achim Hack Dr. Eric Thiemermann Dr. Olaf Luche Prof. Dr. Gerhard Raabe Prof. Dr. Hans‐Joachim Gais 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(12):3869-3897
Enantiomerically pure triflones R1CH(R2)SO2CF3 have been synthesized starting from the corresponding chiral alcohols via thiols and trifluoromethylsulfanes. Key steps of the syntheses of the sulfanes are the photochemical trifluoromethylation of the thiols with CF3Hal (Hal=halide) or substitution of alkoxyphosphinediamines with CF3SSCF3. The deprotonation of RCH(Me)SO2CF3 (R=CH2Ph, iHex) with nBuLi with the formation of salts [RC(Me)? SO2CF3]Li and their electrophilic capture both occurred with high enantioselectivities. Displacement of the SO2CF3 group of (S)‐MeOCH2C(Me)(CH2Ph)SO2CF3 (95 % ee) by an ethyl group through the reaction with AlEt3 gave alkane MeOCH2C(Me)(CH2Ph)Et of 96 % ee. Racemization of salts [R1C(R2)SO2CF3]Li follows first‐order kinetics and is mainly an enthalpic process with small negative activation entropy as revealed by polarimetry and dynamic NMR (DNMR) spectroscopy. This is in accordance with a Cα? S bond rotation as the rate‐determining step. Lithium α‐(S)‐trifluoromethyl‐ and α‐(S)‐nonafluorobutylsulfonyl carbanion salts have a much higher racemization barrier than the corresponding α‐(S)‐tert‐butylsulfonyl carbanion salts. Whereas [PhCH2C(Me)SO2tBu]Li/DMPU (DMPU = dimethylpropylurea) has a half‐life of racemization at ?105 °C of 2.4 h, that of [PhCH2C(Me)SO2CF3]Li at ?78 °C is 30 d. DNMR spectroscopy of amides (PhCH2)2NSO2CF3 and (PhCH2)N(Ph)SO2CF3 gave N? S rotational barriers that seem to be distinctly higher than those of nonfluorinated sulfonamides. NMR spectroscopy of [PhCH2C(Ph)SO2R]M (M=Li, K, NBu4; R=CF3, tBu) shows for both salts a confinement of the negative charge mainly to the Cα atom and a significant benzylic stabilization that is weaker in the trifluoromethylsulfonyl carbanion. According to crystal structure analyses, the carbanions of salts {[PhCH2C(Ph)SO2CF3]Li? L }2 ( L =2 THF, tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA)) and [PhCH2C(Ph)SO2CF3]NBu4 have the typical chiral Cα? S conformation of α‐sulfonyl carbanions, planar Cα atoms, and short Cα? S bonds. Ab initio calculations of [MeC(Ph)SO2tBu]? and [MeC(Ph)SO2CF3]? showed for the fluorinated carbanion stronger nC→σ* and nO→σ* interactions and a weaker benzylic stabilization. According to natural bond orbital (NBO) calculations of [R1C(R2)SO2R]? (R=tBu, CF3) the nC→σ*S? R interaction is much stronger for R=CF3. Ab initio calculations gave for [MeC(Ph)SO2tBu]Li ? 2 Me2O an O,Li,Cα contact ion pair (CIP) and for [MeC(Ph)SO2CF3]Li ? 2 Me2O an O,Li,O CIP. According to cryoscopy, [PhCH2C(Ph)SO2CF3]Li, [iHexC(Me)SO2CF3]Li, and [PhCH2C(Ph)SO2CF3]NBu4 predominantly form monomers in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at ?108 °C. The NMR spectroscopic data of salts [R1(R2)SO2R3]Li (R3=tBu, CF3) indicate that the dominating monomeric CIPs are devoid of Cα? Li bonds. 相似文献
9.
We describe new configurations of electromagnetic (EM) material parameters, the electric permittivity epsilon and magnetic permeability micro, which allow one to construct devices that function as invisible tunnels. These allow EM wave propagation between the regions at the two ends of a tunnel, but the tunnels themselves and the regions they enclose are not detectable to lateral EM observations. Such devices act as wormholes with respect to Maxwell's equations and effectively change the topology of space vis-à-vis EM wave propagation. We suggest several applications, including devices behaving as virtual magnetic monopoles, invisible cables, and scopes for MRI-assisted surgery. 相似文献
10.
Rafał Jakieła Marta Galicka Piotr Dziawa Gunther Springholz Adam Barcz 《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2020,52(3):71-75
Substitutional alloy Pb1 − xSnxSe is a new class of electronic materials called topological crystalline insulators, which at the temperature range from 0 K to 300 K exhibit topological state at compositions in the range 0.18 < x < 0.40 (in the rock-salt structure). In this report, we present a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis technique to provide accurate Pb and Sn composition based on the measurement of PbCs+ and SnCs+ cluster ions intensities. Studies of Pb1 − xSnxSe bulk samples with various values of x show that x/(1 − x) is linear in relation to the intensity ratio of PbCs+/SnCs+ over the range from x = 0.15 to x = 0.41. This technique allows us to obtain an accurate Sn content for multilayered heterostructures, quantum wells containing Pb1 − xSnxSe with different x values for each layer. 相似文献