A general strategy for the synthesis of difluoromethyl-containing pyrazoles, pyridines and pyrimidines

Difluoromethyl-containing heteroannulated pyridines, pyrimidines and pyrazoles are prepared by a two step method. The regioselective cyclizations of electron-excessive aminoheterocycles, hydrazines and amidines with CF₂Cl-substituted 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds provide the corresponding CF₂Cl-substituted heterocycles. Subsequent radical reactions with trimethylstannane or allyltrimethylstannane gave difluoromethyl-containing heteroannulated pyridines, pyrimidines and pyrazoles, respectively.     

Synthesis of 3,4-benzo-7-hydroxy-2,9-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-enes by cyclization of 1,3-bis(silyl enol ethers) with quinazolines

A variety of functionalized 3,4-benzo-7-hydroxy-2,9-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-enes were prepared by one-pot cyclizations of 1,3-bis(silyl enol ethers) with quinazolines. The mechanism of the cyclization was studied by B3LYP/6-31G(d) density functional theory computations. The products could be functionalized by Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. The reaction of 1,3-bis(silyl enol ethers) with phthalazine afforded open-chain rather than cyclization products.     

Synthesis of heteroannulated 3-nitro- and 3-aminopyridines by cyclocondensation of electron-rich aminoheterocycles with 3-nitrochromone

3-Nitrochromone reacts with electron-rich aminoheterocycles (in glacial acetic acid at reflux) and anilines (in a mixture of DMF and TMSCl at 100–140 °C) to give a variety of hetero(carbo)annulated 3-nitropyridines. The reaction, involving a formal [3+3] cyclocondensation, proceeds in high yields and appears not to be influences greatly by the nature of the 1,3-C,N-dinucleophile as seen from the thorough scope study. The synthetic utility of the products was demonstrated by their conversion into the corresponding 3-aminopyridine derivatives. An NMR study and X-ray crystallographic analysis are reported.     

Cu-Catalyzed Arylation of Bromo-Difluoro-Acetamides by Aryl Boronic Acids,Aryl Trialkoxysilanes and Dimethyl-Aryl-Sulfonium Salts: New Entries to Aromatic Amides

We describe a mechanism-guided discovery of a synthetic methodology that enables the preparation of aromatic amides from 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides utilizing a copper-catalyzed direct arylation. Readily available and structurally simple aryl precursors such as aryl boronic acids, aryl trialkoxysilanes and dimethyl-aryl-sulfonium salts were used as the source for the aryl substituents. The scope of the reactions was tested, and the reactions were insensitive to the electronic nature of the aryl groups, as both electron-rich and electron-deficient aryls were successfully introduced. A wide range of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides as either aliphatic or aromatic secondary or tertiary amides were also reactive under the developed conditions. The described synthetic protocols displayed excellent efficiency and were successfully utilized for the expeditious preparation of diverse aromatic amides in good-to-excellent yields. The reactions were scaled up to gram quantities.     

Spatial desynchronization of glycolytic waves as revealed by Karhunen-Loeve analysis

The dynamics of glycolytic waves in a yeast extract have been investigated in an open spatial reactor. At low protein contents in the extract, we find a transition from inwardly moving target patterns at the beginning of the experiment to outwardly moving spiral- or circular-shaped waves at later stages. These two phases are separated by a transition phase of more complex spatiotemporal dynamics. We have analyzed the pattern dynamics in these three intervals at different spatial scales by means of a Karhunen-Loeve (KL) decomposition. During the initial phase of the experiment, the observed patterns are sufficiently described by the two dominant KL modes independently of the spatial scale. However, during the last stage of the experiment, at least 6 KL modes are needed to account for the observed patterns at spatial scales larger than 3 mm, while for smaller scales, 2 KL modes are still sufficient. This indicates that in the course of the experiment, the local glycolytic oscillators become desynchronized at spatial scales larger than 3 mm. Possible reasons for the desynchronization of the glycolytic waves are discussed.     

Regioselective synthesis of 6-halomethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,2-oxazines based on cyclizations of arylalkenyl-oximes

6-Iodo- and 6-bromomethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,2-oxazines were prepared by condensation of dilithiated acetophenone-oximes with allylbromide and subsequent regioselective iodine- or NBS-mediated cyclization.     

Design and synthesis of condensed thienocoumarins by Suzuki–Miyaura reaction/lactonization tandem protocol

A concise and efficient approach to a series of chromen-4-ones with fused thiophene ring has been developed using the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of bromothiophene-2- and 3-carboxylates with 2-methoxyboronic acids and subsequent cyclization of prepared alkyl (2-methoxy)aryl thiophene-2- and 3-carboxylates under the action of BBr₃/KOtBu. Starting bromothiophenes are easily obtained from corresponding commercially available aminothiophenes by diazotization/bromination reaction.     

Asymmetric synthesis of enantiomerically enriched (S)-α-aminopropionic acids containing heterocyclic side chains

The conjugate addition of S-, N- and O-heterocyclic nucleophiles to the CC bond of dehydroalanine, bonded as a Schiff’s base to the chiral auxiliary (S)-2-[N-(N′-benzylprolyl)amino]benzophenone in the coordination sphere of Ni^II, resulted in the asymmetric synthesis of novel (S)-α-aminopropionic acids containing a heterocyclic side chain, including imidazole, triazole, thiodiazole, thiazole and oxazole moieties (de 20–92%). After purification and cleavage of the metal complexes, the heterocyclic amino acids were isolated with high enantiomeric purity (ee >97%).     

2,3-unsubstituted chromones and their enaminone precursors as versatile reagents for the synthesis of fused pyridines

A divergent and regioselective approach to fused pyridines was developed through formal [3 + 3] cyclocondensations from simple 2,3-unsubstituted chromones or their enaminone precursors.     

Efficient Synthesis of 2‐(2‐Aminophenyl)‐2,3‐dihydropyridin‐4(1H)‐ones Based on a Cyclization/Ring Cleavage Procedure

(Benzyloxycarbonyl)‐protected 3,4‐benzo‐7‐hydroxy‐2,9‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]non‐7‐enes were prepared by one‐pot cyclizations of 1,3‐bis(silyl enol ethers) with quinazolines. Subsequent hydrogenation resulted in one‐pot deprotection and rearrangement to give 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐2,3‐dihydropyridin‐4(1H)‐ones.