流动剪切对原油乳化含水率的影响及基于焓的定量表征

油水两相的乳化特性对两相流的流型和压降规律有显著影响。流动条件下的原油乳化含水率是影响油水两相流动特性的关键。针对4种原油,通过油水两相的乳化实验,研究了搅拌转速、水相比例、温度及搅拌时间对原油乳化含水率的影响。研究发现,当水相比例低于某一临界值时,在一定搅拌转速范围内会发生完全乳化现象,当水相比例高于该临界值时,只发生部分乳化。不同原油发生完全乳化的临界水相比例不同,与原油物性相关;对于非完全乳化的情况,原油乳化含水率随搅拌转速的增大而增大,随水相比例、温度的升高而减小,随搅拌时间的增加而增大;油水两相乳化过程中消耗的能量可采用比焓进行表征,不同剪切条件下的原油乳化含水率可以与比焓进行归一化关联,并且二者符合幂律关系。     

氨基甲酸酯催化剂有机纳米酸的制备

Metal-free catalysts are preferred during these days in organic synthesis or in polymerizations.Sulfonic acid is reported to be efficient in catalyzing reactions between isocyanates and alcohols.In this work,synthesis of sulfonic acid immobilized organic nanoparticles (nanoacid) and its application in catalyzing urethane formation,are elaborated.The nanoacid can be simply prepared by miniemulsion polymerization with a reactive surfactant,namely sodium 4-((perfluoronon-8-en-1-yl) oxy) benzenesulfonate,followed by an acidification.From the images of scanning electron microscope,the nanoacid obtained is found to be narrowly dispersed and the average diameter is around 90 nm.The measured sulfur content is 0.5%,from which the content of sulfonic acid in the nanoparticles is calculated to be 0.16 mmol/g.When catalyzing urethane formation based on hexamethylene diisocyanate and n-butanol,the nanoacid catalyst exhibits considerable efficiency.