60年代北半球夏季气候跃变——Ⅰ.降水和温度变化

本文引用气候跃变概念,结合主相关型和EOF(经验正交函数)的分析,揭示了北半球夏季气候状况在60年代发生的大规模交化的主要时空分布特征。第Ⅰ部分介绍1951-1980年全球夏季降水、气温和海表水温的变化特征。降水变化在空间上呈带状分布型,自北非到日本一带在60年代出现突发性降水减少,而其南北两侧则各有一条降水增多的地带。北半球温度的主要变化为60年代前期中高纬温度普遍突降,较低纬则有部分增温区,从而形成南北温差的突增。不同地区和不同要素的气候跃变在时间上可能有不同,其间的动力学联系值得进一步研究。     

建立“地球系统模拟实验室”

<正>近几十年来,全球性的增温、普遍存在的淡水资源短缺、荒漠化的不断发展、频繁的水旱灾害、濒危物种的灭绝等来自环境的压力困扰着人们,引起公众和各国政府的普遍关注,因而开展了一系列大规模地对海洋、大气、极地和生物圈的综合观测,发射各类探测卫星对地球进行全球的连续监测,组织多个国际计划对人类的生存环境进行多学科、综合的分析研究,     

INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE AND VEGETATION ON CLIMATE (Ⅰ)——THEORETICAL ANALYSIS TO PERSISTENCE OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE ANOMALIES

Influence of soil moisture and vegetation on persistence of short-term climate anomalies isanalyzed theoretically through a heat and water balance model in coupled air-land system.It is shown that the soil hydrologic condition, rather than the soil thermal situation, is adominant factor in maintenance of climatic anomalies. The persistence of climate anomaliesis dependent largely on the capacity of water and heat exchange on the land surface. The cli-mate anomalies would persist longer for less soil moisture or vegetation cover. Furthermore,compared with humid areas, the climate anomalies persist longer in an arid climate envi-ronment.     

NORTHERN HEMISPHERIC SUMMER CLIMATIC JUMP IN THE 1960s (Ⅱ)——SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND 500 hPa HEIGHT

The paper is to depict the major structures of the Northern Hemispheric summer sealevel pressure (SLP), 500 hPa height (H 500) and 500 hPa ridge-and-trough (RAT) field during1951-1980. The 1960s' jump was found in the major signal of each field as well as inthe series of many circulation parameters. The major part of the H 500 change was the heightlowering over the most of the Hemisphere during the 1960s, corresponding well to the sur-face temperature change. The SLP and RAT changed in a way similar to that of the rainfallchange, with regard to the southwest-to-northeast zonal structure in the geographical distri-butions of the major signals of all the three fields. The relationship between the changes ofsome circulation parameters and the regional rainfall is discussed.     

海洋大气耦合系统中多年振荡的理论

本文从理论上讨论了低纬度大气、海洋耦合系统中多年振荡的现象。文中采用一个沿纬圈平均的二维模式,其中大气部分是斜压的,海洋部分包括混合层和温跃层,通过海洋大气间动力和热力的相互作用耦合起来。分析结果表明,系统中发展着一类周期为三年左右的自由振荡,从而证实了这个大尺度海气相互作用中一个重要的观测事实。     

土壤湿度和植被对气候的影响——Ⅱ.短期气候异常持续性的数值试验

通过一个垂直一维大气-土壤-植被耦合模式进行了土壤湿度和植被状况影响短期气候异常持续性的数值试验。结果证实了本文第一部分理论分析的结论,即土壤水状况及与之有关的地、气水分和热量交换在陆地区域短期气候异常持续的过程中起着主导作用。文中还对土壤水状况影响气候异常的物理过程做了进一步的探讨。     

60年代北半球夏季气候跃变——Ⅱ.海平面气压和500hPa高度变化

本文分析了1951—1980年北半球夏季海平面气压(SLP)、500hPa高度(H_(500))和500hPa槽脊(TR_(500))场的主要时空结构。各场主信号和许多环流参数都在60年代期间出现跃变。H_(500)变化表现出与近表面层温度变化相应的半球范围较一致的降高;SLP和TR_(500)的变化分布呈现与降水变化类似的西南-东北倾斜式带状结构;各种环流形势变化也在宏观上与降水或温度变化有一定程度的对应,反映了60年代北半球夏季气候系统跃变的整体性。但各要素场变化具体行为间的动力学联系尚待进一步研究。     

THEORY OF MULTI-YEAR OSCILLATIONS IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE COUPLED SY

In this paper, the phenomena of the multi-year oscillations in an ocean-atmosphere coupledsystem are discussed theoretically. We have used a zonally-averaged two-dimensional modelin which the atmospheric motion is baroclinic, and the ocean consists of two layers: the mixedlayer and thermocline. Both the atmospheric motion and oceanic motion are coupled each otherby dynamical and thermodynamical interactions. The results indicate that it is the process indeeper layer of ocean that leads to a free-oscillations with a period of about 3 years in thecoupled system. Thus, the important observational fact of the large-scale air-sea interactioncan be demonstrated.     

NORTHERN HEMISPHERIC SUMMER CLIMATIC JUMP IN THE 1960s (Ⅰ)——RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE

With the conception of the climatic jump, the authors revealed the large-scale characteristics of the abrupt summer climatic change in the Northern Hemisphere in the 1960s. This paper concerns the change of the summer rainfall, air temperature and sea surface temperature in 1951—1980. There was a wide zone including North Africa, northwest India, central China and Japan where the rainfall decreased abruptly in the 1960s while two zones, respectively south and north of the drying zone, experienced increasing rainfall. The temperature decreased abruptly in most of the northern mid-high latitudinal regions and increased significantly in some of the lower-latitudinal regions, leading to a sudden enlarging of the equator-polar thermal difference. It was noted that the climatic jump seemed to occur asynchronously from one region to another.     

Influence of Soil Moisture and Vegetation on Climate (Ⅱ)——Numerical Experiments on Persistence of Short-term Climatic Anomalies

Numerical experiments on the influence of soil moisture and vegetation on the persistence of short-term climatic anomalies are performed with a vertical one-dimensional climate model in the atmosphere-soil-vegetation system.The experimental results indicate that, as shown by theoretical analysis in Part Ⅰ of this paper,soil hydrology is crucially important for maintenance of short-term climatic anomalies over land areas. Possible physical process concerned with impact of soil moisture and vegetation on the persistence is further discussed.