吸入性氚化粒子在人体肺部组织中吸收剂量的研究

涉氚核设施在检修及退役时,其产生的氚化粒子容易被工作人员误吸入,并在呼吸系统的不同部位停留,部分尺寸较小的粒子可能在肺泡间质区(AI 区) 停留超过1 年的时间。氚粒子通过 衰变释放电子,在释放电子的同时以及释放的电子与周围原子相互作用还会分别产生出内、外轫致辐射,这些都会对人体肺部组织造成辐射损伤。本文采用蒙特卡罗程序PENELOPE 对多种氚化粒子在人体肺部组织中的吸收剂量进行了模拟计算,特别是讨论了氚 衰变的内轫致辐射的贡献。研究发现,电子辐射对人体肺泡产生的吸收剂量大于外、内轫致辐射,但后两者作用距离较长,对人体造成的影响重要;电子辐射吸收剂量随着粒子尺寸的增大以及金属原子序数的增大而减小;外轫致辐射吸收剂量随着粒子尺寸的增大而减小,随着金属原子序数的增大而增大;内轫致辐射吸收剂量随着粒子尺寸的增大以及金属原子序数的增大而减小。Some tritium relevant nuclear facilities, such as Tokamak, can produce tritiated particles. There is the possibility for the staffs to inhale the tritiated particles by accident in the process of maintenance or decommission of these facilities. Tritium decays to 3He, during which the beta electron and the internal bremsstrahlung are released. Meanwhile, the released electrons will interact with the surrounding atoms, and the external bremsstrahlung will be generated. All the electrons, internal bremsstrahlung and external bremsstrahlung will deposit the radiation energies to lung tissues and generate the radiation damage. In this paper we studied the radiation doses by inhaled tritiated particles in lung tissues by Monte Carlo code PENELOPE, in particular, internal bremsstrahlung contribution was included. Our results demonstrated that (1) the dose caused by electron radiation is far higher than those of external and internal bremsstrahlung, which however shall not be negligible due to their long-distance effects; (2) the dose caused by electron radiation decreases as the particle size and metal atomic number Z increase; (3) the dose caused by external bremsstrahlung decreases as the particle size increases, but increases as the metal Z increases; (4) the dose caused by internal bremsstrahlung decreases as the particle size and metal Z increase.     

环境因素对液氧泄漏扩散过程影响的数值研究

针对低温液氧推进剂在运输、储存、加注过程中可能发生泄漏的问题,开展了数值模拟研究。采用Mixture多相流模型,考虑气液两相间的滑移速度和水蒸气的相变,对液氧泄漏后地面液池、氧气浓度场和温度场的变化过程,以及环境温度、大气压力、风速等因素对液氧泄漏扩散过程的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:液氧泄漏约35 s后,流场达到准稳定状态,液池、温度场、浓度场的分布基本不变;环境温度从278 K升高到308 K时,促进了液氧吸热蒸发的过程,地面附近最大氧气体积分数从44.71%升高到47.1%;风速从0 m/s增加到10 m/s时,加快了氧气团稀释扩散的速度,低温伤害范围从175.4 m²缩小到32.81 m²,危险浓度区域从257.0 m²缩小到50.70 m²;大气压力从0.09 MPa升高到0.1 MPa时,低温伤害范围最远距离从26.5 m缩短到20.05 m,危险浓度区域最远距离从38.81 m缩短到30.82 m;大气相对湿度从20%提高到100%时,抑制了氧气团的稀释扩散,危险浓度区域最远距离从3...     

双重介质致密油藏压裂水平井产能预测模型及参数分析

随着越来越多的致密油藏投入开发,压裂水平井产能的预测也越来越受到重视,但是由于致密油藏存在启动压力梯度和应力敏感效应,一些产能预测公式存在一定的局限性。为此,在研究致密油藏流体流动特征的基础上,考虑了原油在基质内的椭圆流动以及裂缝内的近径向流动,将两个流动区域进行耦合建立了两区渗流模型;同时考虑启动压力梯度、应力敏感效应及缝间干扰问题,推导了致密油藏压裂水平井产能预测公式,并对敏感参数和裂缝参数进行了分析,结果表明:水平井产量与启动压力梯度、应力敏感系数负相关,与裂缝条数、裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力及裂缝间距正相关。该模型全面地考虑了致密油藏特征对产能的影响,对致密油藏开发的压裂施工设计有一定的指导意义。