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1.
The structural composition of Nordic aquatic reference fulvic acid was investigated using chemical and thermal degradation methods: alkaline CuO oxidation and analytical pyrolysis after tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) pretreatment. Off-line procedures of the TMAH treatments were carried out under both air and helium atmospheres, with the aim of clarifying the effect of oxygen. Irrespective of the fact that the chemical and thermal degradation methods gave qualitatively quite similar basic products (mainly phenols and phenolic acids together with aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids), they also revealed their unique selectivity and efficiency for releasing different kinds of structural constituents. The results verify the formation of additional carboxyl functionality in the CuO oxidation. However, some similar oxidative reactions also appeared to take place during the pretreatment procedures of strongly basic TMAH, especially under an air atmosphere. The use of inert and protective atmosphere during the TMAH pretreatment is therefore recommended for producing more relevant structural information about the complex composition of humic substances. 相似文献
2.
In solid tumors the predominant genetic mechanism for oncogene activation is through amplification of genes. The HER-2 (also known as ErbB2/c-erbB2/HER-2/neu) oncogene is the most frequently amplified oncogene in breast cancer and is also commonly amplified in other forms of cancer. Alongside its important role in tumor induction, growth and progression, HER-2 is also a target for a new form of chemotherapy. Since 1998, breast cancer patients have been treated with considerable success with Herceptin (trastuzumab), a recombinant antibody designed to block signaling through the HER-2 receptor. In addition to Herceptin, a large number of various HER-2 directed immunological and genetic approaches, either targeting the HER-2 receptor, its signaling pathways or both HER-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) together, have demonstrated promising pre-clinical potential towards HER-2 amplified carcinomas. Moreover, the HER-2 amplicon contains other genes with altered copy numbers that could be used as targets for chemotherapy. The topoisomerase IIalpha (topoIIalpha) gene (TOP2A) is located adjacent to the HER-2 oncogene at the chromosome location 17q12-q21 and is either amplified or deleted, with equal frequency, in almost 90% of HER-2 amplified primary breast tumors. Recent data suggest that amplification or deletion of TOP2A may account for both sensitivity or resistance to topoII-inhibitor-chemotherapy, depending on the specific genetic defect at the TOP2A locus. The understanding of HER-2 amplification and its role in the pathogenesis of cancer is expanding. The number of therapeutic strategies targeting HER-2 signaling pathways will most probably be introduced in the treatment of HER-2 amplified tumors within the next few years. Combining HER-2 targeting therapies with conventional forms of cytotoxic chemotherapy, where additional diagnostics tests such as those ascertaining topoIIalpha status, may be helpful for the ideal selection of patients for the combination therapy of a HER-2 targeting drug together with a cytotoxic drug. The clinical and therapeutic importance of the HER-2 and TOPO2A status of tumor cells in cancer management will only increase within the next few years. 相似文献
3.
Tero Piippanen Jouko Jaatinen Jouni Tummavuori 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》1997,357(4):405-410
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was applied as a rapid routine method for the analysis
of cemented tungsten carbides. Chromium, cobalt, iron, nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium and zinc were selected as major,
minor and trace constituents in the material investigated. In the first step, the sample was treated with hydrochloric and
orthophosphoric acid. The second step consisted of the simultaneous addition of hydrofluoric and nitric acids. Cemented tungsten
carbides dissolved completely, leaving only minor quantities of carbon in the solution. Multiple linear regression proved
to be very effective in the search for interfering elements. Using simple acid based standards, all the elements investigated
could be determined individually from the complicated matrix using an appropriate method of calculation. The method described
was successfully applied to real type commercial samples. The advantages of the ICP-AES method in comparison with the XRF-method
are discussed.
Received: 15 February 1996/Revised: 22 April 1996/Accepted: 2 May 1996 相似文献
4.
5.
Tero Taipale Susanna Holappa Janne Laine 《Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology》2013,34(6):863-873
Four different types of cellulosic fines were isolated from refiner mechanical and kraft pulp samples to characterize their chemical and physical properties. The pulp fines were flocculated using four different types of cationically modified polyacrylamides. The extent of flocculation was observed with multiple light scattering apparatus. The maximum adsorption of the polyelectrolytes on the pulp fines was determined by polyelectrolyte titration. It was concluded that it is the combination of the molar mass and the charge density of a polyelectrolyte, as well as the origins and characteristics of the fines which define the adsorption and flocculation behavior. None of these properties alone could fully describe these phenomena, but the molar mass of the polyelectrolyte was the predominant factor. The most important fines characteristics were the charge properties and the microstructure. 相似文献
6.
Tiia‐Riikka Tero Dr. Kirsi Salorinne Dr. Heli Lehtivuori Prof. Janne A. Ihalainen Prof. Maija Nissinen 《化学:亚洲杂志》2014,9(7):1860-1867
An unexpected and previously unknown resorcinarene mono‐crown with a fused benzofuran moiety in its macrocyclic core was obtained as a byproduct from a bridging reaction of tetramethoxy resorcinarene with tetraethylene glycol ditosylate. The formation of the fused benzofuran moiety in the resorcinarene macrocycle resulted in a unique rigid and puckered boat conformation, as shown by XRD studies in the solid state. Modification of the macrocycle was also observed to affect the photophysical properties in solution by enhancing the fluorescence brightness compared with a conventional resorcinarene macrocycle. The fluorescent properties enabled unique detection of structural features, that is, the rigid boat conformation with the conjugated benzofuran system and the more flexible crown bridge part, in solution. 相似文献
7.
8.
Tero Kilpelä inen Xiao Zhong 《Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society》2002,130(6):1681-1688
We show that sets of Hausdorff measure zero are removable for -Hölder continuous solutions to quasilinear elliptic equations similar to the -Laplacian. The result is optimal. We also treat larger sets in terms of a growth condition. In particular, our results apply to quasiregular mappings.
9.
Tero Kilpeläinen 《Arkiv f?r Matematik》1999,37(2):275-289
We construct singular solutions to equations
similar to thep-Laplacian, that tend to ∞ on a given closed set ofp-capacity zero. Moreover, we show that everyG
δ-set of vanishingp-capacity is the infinity set of someA-superharmonic function.
The research is financed by the Academy of Finland (Project #8597). 相似文献
10.
Third-generation mobile radio networks, often dubbed as 3G, have been under intense research and discussion recently and will emerge around the year 2000. In the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), third generation networks are called International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), and in Europe, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). IMT-2000 will provide a multitude of services, especially multimedia and high-bit-rate packet data. Wideband code division multiple access (CDMA) has emerged as the mainstream air interface solution for the third-generation networks. In Europe, Japan, Korea, and the United States, wideband CDMA systems are currently being standarized. This article provides a comprehensive introduction to wideband CDMA. It also provides a review of the wideband CDMA air interface proposals including WCDMA in Europe and Japan, cdma2000 in the United States, and wideband CDMA in Korea. 相似文献