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1.
Third generation (3G) mobile communication systems are now just starting to be introduced. With a maximum data rate of 2 Mbit/s they will make wireless access to broadband data services like the Internet or video applications feasible. Most of the different physical layer technologies summarised under the acronym 3G are based on wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA), in contrast to existing second generation systems, which mostly use TDMA and FDMA. This has severe consequences for the design of the transceiver front-ends. During standardisation these were assumed to have an adequate RF performance yet they still present a performance bottleneck for the system. Starting with a short introduction to UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)-the 3G standard to be deployed in Europe and already operating in Japan-this paper describes by way of example some of the test cases specified for UMTS and their impact on the analogue front-end. It is shown that accurate simulation of all the analogue and digital signal processing is necessary in order to predict the RF performance needed of today's commercial RFICs. The paper then presents and reviews some actual design examples. Finally, possible technologies and techniques for application in future mobile terminals are discussed 相似文献
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Diskus C.G. Lubke K. Springer A.L. Lettenmayr H.W. Thim H.W. 《Electronics letters》1992,28(11):980-981
The performance of planar field-effect controlled transferred electron oscillators with different combinations of layer thickness and doping concentration has been investigated. A negative differential resistance has even been obtained with 0.29 mu m thick 1.6*10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ n-doped samples. This is the first time a MESFET-like active layer has exhibited the Gunn effect and has successfully been operated as a TEO at 36 GHz.<> 相似文献
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A. Stelzer Univ.-Ass. Ing. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. A. Springer A. Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. 《e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik》2003,120(3):98-101
This contribution reviews the research work performed at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria, on the development of oscillators for the microwave and millimeter wave frequency range. This work, performed by the Microelectronics Institute and the Institute for Communications and Information Engineering, covers the range from low GHz frequencies up to 61 GHz and is devoted to applications like mobile communications and sensing. The active devices are based on gallium arsenide (GaAs), silicon germanium (SiGe), and Silicon (Si) and include Gunn-devices, bipolar transistors, and CMOS-technology. 相似文献
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A. Bismarck M. Pfaffernoschke M. Selimović J. Springer 《Colloid and polymer science》1998,276(12):1110-1116
The grafting method that has successfully been applied to methacrylic acid and liquid crystalline monomers was expanded to
prepare amphoteric carbon fiber surfaces using 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate as monomer. The obtained carbon fiber surfaces were characterized by contact angle and ζ-potential
measurements. The expected basic behavior was not observed, instead an amphoteric character of the modified carbon fiber surface
was found. The fiber surfaces display a basic character in the acidic pH-range, while they are acidic in the alkaline part
of the pH-scale.
An important influence is derived from the amount of initiator used to graft the monomers onto the fibers. The smaller the
initiator concen-tration used during polymerization, the larger the amount of amino functionalities introduced to the carbon
fiber surface.
The wetting behavior versus water depends on the overall conformation of the immobilized polymer. During immersion into water
the polymer acts hydrophobic, while during emersion, a hydrophilic character is observed, probably derived from conformational
changes and swelling during the contact angle measure-ments in water.
Received: 9 June 1998 Accepted: 13 August 1998 相似文献
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M. Maccoss L. C. Meurer K. Hoogsteen J. P. Springer G. Koo L. B. Peterson R. L. Tolman E. Emini 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1993,30(5):1213-1220
A number of novel C-nucleosides related to purine derivatives are described in which the purine moiety has been replaced by the isosteric heterocycle, 8-aminoimidazo[1,2-α]pyrazine. The nucleosides prepared include the ribo, 3′-deoxy, 2′,3′-dideoxy, and 2′,3′-unsaturated derivatives. These C-nucleosides represent derivatives containing acid stable glycosyl bonds and they can be considered as analogs of adenine- or 3-deazaade-nine-containing nucleosides. Preparation of the parent ribonucleoside was accomplished by reaction of the C-l functionalized sugar, (2ξ)-1-amino-3,6-anhydro-l-deoxy-4,5-O-isopropylidene-7-O-trityl-D-allo-heptitol with 2,3-dichloropyrazine, followed by ring closure to the 8-chloroimidazo[1,2-α]pyrazine nucleoside, conversion to the 8-amino derivative and deblocking. A single crystal X-ray structure of the parent 8-amino-3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[1,2-α]pyrazine is described and the conformation compared to that of formycin. The sugar-modified analogs were prepared by subsequent functional group manipulations on the sugar moiety. Biological evaluation against HIV in H9 T-lymphoid cell culture showed the nucleosides to be devoid of significant antiviral activity compared to DDA. The 3-deazaadenosine analog also demonstrated weak suppression of mouse splenic NK activity toward YAC cells (mouse lymphoma cell targets). The imidazo[1,2-α]pyrazine analog of 3-deazaadenosine showed antiinflammatory activity in vivo in the rat pleurisy carrageenan model in the same range with 3-deazaadenosine. 相似文献
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By means of a vacuum time-lag method, gas transport properties of apolyimide based on 2, 2- bis (3, 4- decarboxyphenyl ) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA )and meta- phenylenediamine (mPDA ) have been measured as a function of upstream pres-sure and temperature. The results show that no gas-induced plasticization occurs for thispolyimide in the upstream pressure range from 1 atm to 20atm. The temperature depen-dence of P and D can be described by the Arrhenius equations. The activation energiesof permeation and diffusion were obtained for the gas/polymer pair studied and correlatedwith the size of penetrant gas. 相似文献
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