An extended technicolour model for grand unification

An extended technicolour grand unification model based on the gauge groupE ₆×SU(7) extended technicolour is presented. The symmetry-breaking based on extended technicolour theory is discussed. It is shown that the existing phenomenology is well explained by the model. The strangeness changing neutral currents may not be a problem with this model.     

Determinants and outcomes of electronic data interchange diffusion

Protagonists of electronic data interchange (EDI), a specific form of inter organizational systems (IOS), claim that it has the potential to dramatically alter the exchange of business documents and business operations (particularly material procurement and sales functions) in a number of industries. Drawing upon past research on innovation diffusion and information systems (IS) implementation, this study examines the role of key innovation and organizational factors in influencing the extent to which EDI is diffused within organizations, and whether more extensive diffusion leads to improved organizational outcomes. Two senior executives (one from the IS and the other from selling/buying function) from over 200 large American companies participated in the field study. The path analyses results indicate that compatibility and relative advantage (two of the three classical innovation attributes), championing, scope for use of EDI within the firm's task environments, and being an early adopter determine the extent to which EDI gets internally diffused through greater integration with other IS applications within the organization. Technical compatibility, top management support and being an early adopter emerge as the key variables influencing the extent to which EDI gets externally diffused through greater external diffusion of business transactions with trading partners. The results also indicate that greater internal as well as external diffusion of EDI facilitates improved organizational outcomes that was measured on six dimensions such as implementation success, organizational performance, influence on market structure, standardization of transactions, etc     

Electrochemically generated super-hydrophilic surfaces

The control of surface wettability of indium tin oxide (In2O3-SnO2) coated glass surfaces is studied. We report here the first observation of purely electrochemical generation of super-hydrophilic surfaces at In2O3-SnO2 electrodes in the absence of an ultraviolet illumination source. This is achieved by the application of high anodic potentials for a prolonged period. Such surfaces are reversibly converted back to their original hydrophobic state on storage in air (one or two days) or water (a week)(and vice versa). The unique character of these surfaces can be attributed to the surface structure of the hydrophilic phase.     

Reaction of ethyl bromoacetate with substituted naphthoate ions

Rate constants for the reaction of ethyl bromoacetate with three series of substituted naphthoate ions have been measured in an acetone-water mixture (90% v/v). Using σ _p values rate constants at 30^o correlate well with the Hammett equation yielding ρ=−0.54, −0.19 and −0.25 for (4,1−), (6,1−) and (6,2−) series, respectively. Comparison of these ρ values with those of the reaction of phenacyl bromide reveals the failure of the reactivity-selectivity principle RSP in these reactions. Failure of RSP has been explained in terms of isoselective temperature.     

Divalent transition metal complexes of 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylate

New divalent transition metal 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylate hydrates of empirical formula Mpz(COO)₂(H₂O)₂, where M=Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd (pz(COO)₂=3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylate), metal hydrazine complexes of the type Mpz(COO)₂N₂H₄ where M=Co, Zn or Cd and Mpz(COO)₂nN₂H₄·H₂O, where n=1 for M=Ni and n=0.5 for M=Cu have been prepared and characterized by physico-chemical methods. Electronic spectroscopic data suggest that Co and Ni complexes adopt an octahedral geometry. The IR spectra confirm the presence of unidentate carboxylate anion (Δν=ν_asy(COO^–)–ν_sym(COO^–)>215 cm^–1) in all the complexes and bidentate bridging hydrazine (ν_N–N=985–950 cm^–1) in the metal hydrazine complexes. Both metal carboxylate and metal hydrazine carboxylate complexes undergo endothermic dehydration and/or dehydrazination followed by exothermic decomposition of organic moiety to give the respective metal oxides as the end products except manganese pyrazoledicarboxylate hydrate, which leaves manganese carbonate. X-ray powder diffraction patterns reveal that the metal carboxylate hydrates are isomorphous as are those of metal hydrazine complexes of cobalt, zinc and cadmium.     

Phase diagram study of CaBr2–CaHBr system

A study of binary, CaBr₂–CaHBr system was carried out by differential thermal analysis (DTA), covering the composition range from 100 % CaBr₂ to 100 % CaHBr between room temperature and 800 °C. From DTA results, the contour of solidus and liquidus temperatures with composition is plotted and the phase diagram of CaBr₂–CaHBr system is constructed. The system shows an eutectic reaction at 576 °C and the eutectic composition is 79.6 mol% CaBr₂. Co-existing phases in different phase fields are characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation of Pb5CrO8(s), Pb2CrO5(s), and PbCrO4(s)

Standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation of ternary oxides Pb₅CrO₈(s), Pb₂CrO₅(s), and PbCrO₄(s) were determined by measuring equilibrium oxygen partial pressures over relevant phase fields using manometry and solid oxide electrolyte based emf methods and are given by: ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_f{G}_m^{°}{\text{Pb}}_5{\text{CrO}}_8(s)\pm 0.55/(\text{kJ}·{\text{mol}}^{-1})=-1809.4+0.6845(T/\text{K})(837\le T/\text{K}\le 1008)\text{,}$${\mathrm{\Delta }}_f{G}_m^{°}{\text{Pb}}_2{\text{CrO}}_5(\text{s})\pm 0.30/(\text{kJ}·{\text{mol}}^{-1})=-1161.3+0.4059(T/\text{K})(859\le T/\text{K}\le 1021)\text{,}$${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\text{f}}{G}_m^{°}{\text{PbCrO}}_4(\text{s})\pm 0.17/(\text{kJ}·{\text{mol}}^{-1})=-909.8+0.3111(T/\text{K})(863\le T/\text{K}\le 1093)\text{,}$     

Thermoanalytical and spectroscopic studies on hydrazinium lighter lanthanide complexes of 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid

The new hydrazinium lanthanide metal complexes of 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid (HpyzCOO) of the formulae (N₂H₅)₂[Ln(pyzCOO)₅] · 2H₂O (1), where Ln = La or Ce and (N₂H₅)₃[Ln(pyzCOO)₄(H₂O)] · 2NO₃ (2), where Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm or Dy have been synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical methods. The IR absorption bands of N–N stretching at 960 cm⁻¹ unambiguously prove the existence of N₂H₅ ⁺ ions. The bonding parameters β, b^1/2, % δ and η, have been calculated from the electronic spectroscopic (hypersensitive) bands of Pr(III) and Nd(III) complexes. All the complexes undergo endothermic followed by exothermic decomposition to leave the respective metal oxides as the end products. However, the DTA of the complexes 2 demonstrate rather sharp peak than the complexes 1, owing to overwhelming exothermicity, which may be due to the loss of both hydrazine and nitrate moieties in the same step. The X-ray powder diffraction studies reveal the existence of isomorphism among the member complexes.