Untersuchung von Einzelblasen an ölbeschichteten Oberflächen mit künstlichen Keimstellen

Zusammenfassung An feinpolierten, ölbeschichteten V2A-Oberflächen mit jeweils einer gebohrten (d=140 µm) und einer geätzten (d=47 µm) Vertiefung als Keimstelle wurde für Wasserblasen das Wachstum, der Abreißdurchmesser und die Abreißfrequenz gemessen. Für die wärmetransportgesteuerte Blasenbildung liefert der Vergleich mit Beziehungen, die für reine Metallflächen gewonnen wurden, gute Übereinstimmung, so daß keine Einfluß der Ölschicht erkennbar wurde.

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Investigation of single vapor bubbles on surfaces covered with a thin oil film with artificial nuclei

For single vapor bubbles, the growth rates, the detachment diameter, and the frequency were measured on single artificial nuclei, either drilled (d=140 µm) or etched (d=47 µm) into a highly polished stainless steel plate which was covered with a thin oil film. For evaporation controlled by heat transport, good agreement was observed with relations from literature which were obtained for clean surfaces; thus, an effect of the oil film could not be discovered.

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Formelzeichen a Temperaturleitfähigkeit - D _a Blasenabreißdurchmesser - f Blasenfrequenz - Ja Jakob-Zahl - Pr Prandtl-Zahl /a - q Wärmestromdichte - R Blasenradius - T Temperatur - dynamische Zähigkeit - Wärmeleitfähigkeit - Dichte - Oberflächenspannung - Zeit Indizes g Gas, Dampf - l flüssig - s Sättigung - w Wand Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karl Stephan zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet     

A Titration Microcalorimetric Study of the Effects of Halide Counterions on Vesicle-Forming Aggregation in Aqueous Solution of Branched-Chain Alkylpyridinium Surfactants

Titration microcalorimetry is used to study the influences of iodide, bromide, and chloride counterions on the aggregation of vesicle-forming 1-methyl-4-(2-pentylheptyl)pyridinium halide surfactants. Formation of vesicles by these surfactants was characterised using transmission electron microscopy. When the counterion is changed at 303 K through the series iodide, bromide, to chloride, the critical vesicular concentration (cvc) increases and the enthalpy of vesicle formation changes from exo- to endothermic. With increase in temperature to 333 K, vesicle formation becomes strongly exothermic. Increasing the temperature leads to a decrease in enthalpy and entropy of vesicle formation for all three surfactants. However the standard Gibbs energy for vesicle formation is, perhaps surprisingly, largely unaffected by an increase in temperature, as a consequence of a compensating change in both standard entropy and standard enthalpy of vesicle formation. Interestingly, standard isobaric heat capacities of vesicle formation are negative, large in magnitude but not strikingly dependent on the counterion. We conclude that the driving force for vesicle formation can be understood in terms of overlap of the thermally labile hydrophobic hydration shells of the alkyl chains. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Effects of Adsorbed Polyaniline on Redox Process on MoO3 Surface

The effects exhibited by adsorbed conducting polyaniline on the redox process on a molybdenum oxide surface were studied. Thermogravimetric results indicate a 4% polyaniline deposition. Cyclic voltammograms of the adsorbed polymer on MoO3 show that polyaniline exerts remarkable effects on the molybdenum blue oxidation-reduction process, with oxidation and reduction potentials of 0.33 and 0.18 V, respectively. This effect strongly enhances the electrode response, and can be used as an important tool in qualitative and/or quantitative determinations of molybdenum in solution as well as in any substrate. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

High-Sensitivity Immunofluorescence Staining: A Comparison of the Liposome Procedure and the FASER Technique on mGR Detection

Flow cytometry has become a widely-used and powerful tool for the characterization of cells according to their expression of specific proteins. However, sensitivity of this method is still limited since conventionally labeled antibodies can be conjugated with at maximum 1–10 dye molecules. This fact resulted in the need to develop new techniques in order to identify molecules which are expressed in very low but functionally relevant amounts. In the past, we have successfully used a liposome-based high-sensitivity immunofluorescence technique to measure the expression of low abundant membrane bound glucocorticoid receptors (mGR) on different cell types. The use of this technique allows the detection of as few as 50–100 antigen molecules per cell which is due to a 100-fold to 1000-fold increase in fluorescence signal intensity compared with conventional methods. The higher sensitivity is achieved since thousands of dye molecules can be enclosed in liposomes. Another modern high-sensitivity immunofluorescence staining method is the purchasable Fluorescence Amplification by Sequential Employment of Reagents (FASER) procedure. Here, we aimed at comparing sensitivity and specificity of these two techniques for the detection of the mGR. Our data demonstrate the FASER technique to be more sensitive and also more specific for the detection of mGR as compared to the liposome technique. However, both methods have advantages and disadvantages which are discussed in detail.     

Supershell structure in alkali metal nanowires

Nanowires are formed by indenting and subsequently retracting two pieces of sodium metal. Their cross section gradually reduces upon retraction and the diameters can be obtained from the conductance. In previous work we have demonstrated that when one constructs a histogram of diameters from large numbers of indentation-retraction cycles such histograms show a periodic pattern of stable nanowire diameters due to shell structure in the conductance modes. Here, we report the observation of a modulation of this periodic pattern, in agreement with predictions of a supershell structure.     

Dynamic queue length thresholds for multiple loss priorities

Buffer management schemes are needed in shared-memory packet switches to regulate the sharing of memory among different output port queues and among traffic classes with different loss priorities. Earlier, we proposed a single-priority scheme called dynamic threshold (DT), in which the maximum permissible queue length is proportional to the unused buffering in the switch. A queue whose length equals or exceeds the current threshold value may accept no new arrivals. We propose, analyze and simulate several ways of incorporating loss priorities into the DT scheme. The analysis models sources as deterministic fluids. We determine how each scheme allocates buffers among the competing ports and loss priority classes under overload conditions. We also note how this buffer allocation induces an allocation of bandwidth among the loss priority classes at each port. We find that minor variations in the DT control law can produce dramatically different resource allocations. Based on this study, we recommend the scheme we call OWA, which gives some buffers and bandwidth to every priority class at every port. Scheme OWA has tunable parameters, which we give rules of thumb for setting. Another scheme, called AWA, is also a good choice. It has an allocation philosophy more akin to strict priority and hence is not tunable     

增加折叠电流保护的电路

对许多需要数安培供电电流的应用而言，三端输出可调线性稳压器有易用．低成本和完全片上过载保护等特点，如美国国家半导体公司的LM317。增加数个元器件可以使三端稳压器具备一种高速度的短路限流能力，从而提高可靠性。限流器可将最大输出电流限制在一个安全的恒定水平IMAX上，避免稳压器的损坏。当出现一个故障状况时，传输晶体管上的功耗近似于VIN×IMAX。要让设计的稳压器能承受过载，就需要谨慎地选择元器件的额定值（经常是留了过大的余地），除非可以在故障发生时降低或折叠（foldback）输出电流。