Combining ideal beamforming and Alamouti space-time block codes

The simplest Alamouti space-time block code is coupled with a larger number of transmit antennas via ideal beamforming to achieve higher diversity gain. It is shown that the combined system can remain both full diversity and full code rate without orthogonality loss. Simulation results show a significant performance gain over the conventional space-time block codes.     

Groups of algebraic integers used for coding QAM signals

Linear block codes over Gaussian integers and Eisenstein integers were used for coding over two-dimensional signal space. A group of Gaussian integers with 2²ⁿ elements was constructed to code quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals such that a differentially coherent method can be applied to demodulate the QAM signals. This paper shows that one subgroup of the multiplicative group of units in the algebraic integer ring of any quadratic number field with unique factorization, modulo the ideal (Pⁿ), can be used to obtain a QAM signal space of 2p^2n-2 points, where p is any given odd prime number. Furthermore, one subgroup of the multiplicative group of units in the quotient ring Z[ω]/(pⁿ) can be used to obtain a QAM signal space of 6p^2n-2 points; one subgroup of the multiplicative group of units in the quotient ring Z[i](pⁿ) can be used to obtain a QAM signal space of 4p^2n-2 points which is symmetrical over the quadrants of the complex plane and useful for differentially coherent detection of QAM signals; the multiplicative group of units in the quotient ring Z[ω]/(2ⁿ) can be used to obtain a QAM signal space of 3·2^2n-2 points, where i=√-1, ω=(-1+√-3)/2=(-1+i√3)/2, p is any given odd prime number, Z[i] and Z[ω] are, respectively, the Gaussian integer ring and the Eisenstein integer ring. These multiplicative groups can also be used to construct block codes over Gaussian integers or Eisenstein integers which are able to correct some error patterns     

New Route of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Carbon-Supported Nickel Phosphide (C/Ni2P) Nanocomposite

Abstract

A novel, fast, and easy method for synthesizing a carbon-supported Ni₂P nanocomposite (C/Ni₂P) is described. The process involves a reaction between a nickel salt, phosphoric acid, and a carbon source by utilizing microwave irradiation. The carbon source for the nanocomposite is from renewable supplies, namely, tannin and lignin. The method has successfully synthesized Ni₂P nanoparticles dispersed in a carbon matrix with a particle size ranging from 20 to 50 nm in diameter. During the microwave process, tannin and lignin provided a reducing environment in the microwave irradiation process. The synthesized products are characterized by several characterization methods. The method showed that phosphoric acid, which is a nontoxic compound, could be used as an alternative P source for synthesizing Ni₂P. The method is fast, easy, and an economical process to synthesize the carbon-coated Ni₂P nanocomposite.     

Simultaneous Densitometric Determination of Hydrocortisone Acetate and 2-Phenoxyethanol in Creams

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - A simple and rapid TLC-densitometric method has been developed for simultaneously determination of hydrocortisone acetate and...     

Enhancement of Solar Hydrogen Evolution from Water by Surface Modification with CdS and TiO2 on Porous CuInS2 Photocathodes Prepared by an Electrodeposition–Sulfurization Method

Porous films of p‐type CuInS₂, prepared by sulfurization of electrodeposited metals, are surface‐modified with thin layers of CdS and TiO₂. This specific porous electrode evolved H₂ from photoelectrochemical water reduction under simulated sunlight. Modification with thin n‐type CdS and TiO₂ layers significantly increased the cathodic photocurrent and onset potential through the formation of a p–n junction on the surface. The modified photocathodes showed a relatively high efficiency and stable H₂ production under the present reaction conditions.     

Zum Mechanismus der Dienon—Phenol-Umlagerung von o-Chinolacetaten: Versuche mit (CD3CO)2O/BF3

Dienone—phenol rearrangement in (CD₃CO)₂O/BF₃ of 1-acetoxy cyclohexadienones derived from benzene yields mainly monoacetoxy monotrideuteroacetoxy derivatives of benzene. The implications of these results on the reaction mechanism are discussed.     

Ballistic electron transport in AlAs quantum wells

We report the observation of commensurability oscillations in an AlAs two-dimensional electron system where two conduction-band valleys with elliptical in-plane Fermi contours are occupied. The Fourier power spectrum of the oscillations shows two frequency components consistent with those expected for the Fermi contours of the two valleys. From an analysis of the spectra we deduce m(l)/m(t)=5.2+/-0.5 for the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse electron effective masses, a fundamental parameter that cannot be directly measured from other transport experiments.     

Dynamic Flow Model for Borrowing Channel Ordering Assignment Scheme in Cellular Mobile Systems

A mathematical model that predicts the dynamic flows in cellularmobile networks that allocate channels using the Borrowing ChannelOrdering Assignment (BCO) scheme is described in this paper. Two types ofhandoff procedures – the prioritized and non-prioritized schemes –will be considered in the model. Discrete event simulations wereperformed and the results were found to be comparable to the resultsobtained using the mathematical model. Application to comparative studyof the dynamic behaviours of the BCO, the simple borrowing channel assignment(BCA) and the Fixed Channel Assignment (FCA) schemes is also presented.     

Redundant paths and reliability bounds in gamma networks

Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs) are network systems providing fast and efficient communications at a reasonable cost. A gamma network is a specific class of MINs, which provides redundant paths in the system. In a gamma network, information from source nodes is transmitted through a specific set of routes to destination nodes. Reliability of an MIN is used as a measure of system’s ability to transform information from input to output devices. Due to the complexity of network configuration and availability of redundant paths, reliability bounds to estimate the exact reliability of a gamma network is proposed. A numerical example of an 8 × 8 gamma network is presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the reliability bounds. When the lower bound reliability provides sufficient assurance that the system will be operational at some specified time and closely approximates the exact reliability, then no further effort for obtaining the exact reliability expression is necessary.     

Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment,Enzymatic Hydrolysis,and Fermentation on Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Fiber (EPFBF) for Cellulosic Ethanol Production

Empty palm fruit bunch fiber (EPFBF), a readily available cellulosic biomass from palm processing facilities, is investigated as a potential carbohydrate source for cellulosic ethanol production. This feedstock was pretreated using ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and enzymatically hydrolyzed. The best tested AFEX conditions were at 135 °C, 45 min retention time, water to dry biomass loading of 1:1 (weight ratio), and ammonia to dry biomass loading of 1:1 (weight ratio). The particle size of the pretreated biomass was reduced post-AFEX. The optimized enzyme formulation consists of Accellerase (84 μL/g biomass), Multifect Xylanase (31 μL/g biomass), and Multifect Pectinase (24 μL/g biomass). This mixture achieved close to 90% of the total maximum yield within 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Fermentation on the water extract of this biomass affirms that nutrients solely from the pretreated EPFBF can support yeast growth for complete glucose fermentation. These results suggest that AFEX-treated EPFBF can be used for cellulosic biofuels production because biomass recalcitrance has been overcome without reducing the fermentability of the pretreated materials.