基于人工神经网络在线学习方法优化磁屏蔽特性参数

磁屏蔽在磁场敏感的装置如原子钟、原子干涉仪等精密设备中发挥重要的作用,在变化外磁场下的某个磁屏蔽内部剩余磁场,可以通过Jiles-Atherton磁滞模型和磁屏蔽系数计算得出,根据计算结果可以进行主动补偿来抵消内部磁场的改变.然而实际应用中磁滞模型中五个与磁屏蔽相关的参数以及磁场衰减的两个参数的准确值的获得是比较困难的,通常根据实测磁滞回线人工匹配调节参数会花费大量时间且很难确保最终参数是全局最优值.基于人工神经网络的机器学习方法已经成为一种对复杂模型进行参数优化的有效手段,得益于现代计算机强大的运算能力,该过程通常远远快于人工参数调节,并有更大概率找到全局最优值,获得优于手工调节的参数值.本文利用人工神经网络在线机器学习的方法,对磁滞模型的五个参数与磁屏蔽的另外两个屏蔽相关参数进行优化测定,并对模拟卫星磁场环境下磁屏蔽内剩余磁场进行预测.通过实际测量屏蔽筒内剩余磁场与预测值比对,发现通过机器学习方法得到的磁屏蔽特性参数优于手动找到的参数,且所用时间大大缩短.该结果不仅有助于更好地进行磁场补偿,用于冷原子系统参数优化调整,更重要的是验证了神经网络在多参数物理系统中的应用,可以使其他多参数共同作用的物理实验进行最优参数的快速确定.     

空间冷原子钟原位探测微波腔设计

高精度空间冷原子钟在基础物理研究、导航定位系统,以及深空探测领域均有重要应用。为此,设计了一种结合激光冷却与原子原位探测方案的新型微波腔,在该微波腔中心可以俘获与冷却铷原子,然后在微重力环境下对冷原子样品开展原子钟操作。该方案相对于已有的空间冷原子钟方案,在减少冷原子损耗、死时间占比和分布腔相移上具有较大的优势。分析了微波腔的详细结构与光学设计,确定了微波腔需要的基本参数,并对微波腔内部的微波磁场进行了仿真分析。在已完成研制的微波腔内开展特性测试,测试与仿真结果说明,所设计微波腔的性能可以满足不确定度优于1×10~(-16)的高精度空间冷原子钟的要求。     

可搬运铷喷泉原子钟量子化轴磁场的设计与优化

喷泉钟量子化轴磁场的空间均匀性和时间稳定性是制约原子钟输出频率稳定度和不确定度的重要因素.从外磁场屏蔽、磁场线圈设计、线圈电流源稳定性等方面考虑,构建并优化设计了一套可搬运铷喷泉原子钟量子化轴磁场系统.为了消除环境磁场对量子化轴磁场的影响,使用5层坡莫合金磁屏蔽进行外磁场的屏蔽;利用4组对称的补偿线圈,通过计算给予合适的电流,获得喷泉钟内部30 cm原子自由飞行尺度内磁场波动小于1 nT;通过改善C场供电电流方式,从而优化量子化轴磁场的时间稳定性,磁场随时间的波动小于0.1 nT.优化后喷泉钟长期频率稳定度达2.9×10-16,磁场空间分布不均匀性带来的二阶塞曼频移不确定度为3.4×10-19,由磁场随时间波动带来的二阶塞曼频移的不确定度为5.1×10-17.     

Integrated,reliable laser system for an 87Rb cold atom fountain clock

We designed, assembled, and tested a reliable laser system for ⁸⁷Rb cold atom fountain clocks. The laser system is divided into four modules according to function, which are convenient for installing, adjusting, maintaining, and replacing of the modules. In each functional module, all optical components are fixed on a baseplate with glue and screws, ensuring the system's structural stability. Mechanical stability was verified in a 6.11g RMS randomvibration test, where the change in output power before and after vibration was less than 5%. Thermal stability was realized by optimizing of the structure and appropriate selection of component materials of the modules through thermal simulation. In the laser splitting and output module, the change in laser power was less than 20% for each fiber in thermal cycles from 5 ℃ to 43 ℃. Finally, the functionality of the laser system was verified for a rubidium fountain clock.     

铷87原子双光子跃迁光谱稳频特性研究

铷87的双光子光谱具有高信噪比、无多普勒展宽、窄线宽等特点。构建了基于⁸⁷Rb原子双光子跃迁的光学频率参考,分析测试了影响其短期稳定度的因素。利用778 nm外腔半导体激光器激发双光子跃迁产生420 nm荧光信号,通过荧光信号锁定激光器频率。探讨了谱线线宽、信噪比、功率、温度相关的谱线展宽、光频移、系统结构稳定性和调制宽度等对频移和稳定度的影响。采用螺栓锁紧结构固定光学元件,大幅改善了光学对准引起的稳频误差,通过直接调制激光器电流实现了秒级稳定度为1.5×10^-12、500 s稳定度为2.88×10^-13的光学频率参考。与其他基于饱和吸收的光学频率参考相比,构建的基于⁸⁷Rb原子双光子跃迁的光学频率参考的稳定度提高了10～100倍。光学对准对于提高荧光探测信噪比和优化长期稳定度具有重要意义。验证了内调制实现双光子光学频率参考的可行性,并提出了进一步优化短期稳定度和长期稳定度可采用的技术方案。     

Optimization of temperature characteristics of a transportable ~(87)Rb atomic fountain clock

A high-performance transportable fountain clock is attractive for use in laboratories with high-precision time-frequency measurement requirements. This Letter reports the improvement of the stability of a transportable rubidium-87 fountain clock because of an optimization of temperature characteristics. This clock integrates its physical packaging, optical benches, microwave frequency synthesizers, and electronic controls onto an easily movable wheeled plate. Two optical benches with a high-vibration resistance are realized in this work. No additional adjustment is required after moving them several times. The Allan deviation of the fountain clock frequency was measured by comparing it with that of the hydrogen maser. The fountain clock got a short-term stability of 2.3 × 10~(-13) at 1 s and long-term stability on the order of 10~(-16) at 100,000 s.     

Loss of cold atoms due to collisions with residual gases in free flight in a magneto-optical trap

The loss rate of cold atoms in a trap due to residual gas collisions differs from that in a free state after the cold atoms are released from the trap. In this paper, the loss rate in a cold rubidium-87 atom cloud was measured in a magneto-optical trap(MOT) and during its free flight. The residual gas pressure was analyzed by a residual gas analyzer, and the pressure distribution in a vacuum chamber was numerically calculated by the angular coefficient method. The decay factor, which describes the decay behavior of cold atoms due to residual gas collisions during a free flight, was calculated. It was found that the decay factor agrees well with theoretical predictions under various vacuum conditions.     

Automatic compensation of magnetic field for a rubidium space cold atom clock

When the cold atom clock operates in microgravity around the near-earth orbit, its performance will be affected by the fluctuation of magnetic field. A strategy is proposed to suppress the fluctuation of magnetic field by additional coils, whose current is changed accordingly to compensate the magnetic fluctuation by the linear and incremental compensation. The flight model of the cold atom clock is tested in a simulated orbital magnetic environment and the magnetic field fluctuation in the Ramsey cavity is reduced from 17 nT to 2 nT, which implied the uncertainty due to the second order Zeeman shift is reduced to be less than 2×10~(-16). In addition, utilizing the compensation, the magnetic field in the trapping zone can be suppressed from 7.5 μT to less than 0.3 μT to meet the magnetic field requirement of polarization gradients cooling of atoms.     

基于光纤激光放大倍频的冷原子钟光源

用于激光冷却与原子布居数探测的激光光源是冷原子钟的重要组成部分,选用工业技术成熟的1560 nm光纤激光器和光纤放大器分别作为种子源和光放大器,经非线性倍频晶体对放大后的激光进行倍频,得到较大功率的780 nm的激光,通过饱和吸收稳频得到冷却激光,一部分冷却激光利用电光调制器和声光调制器移频6.8 GHz得到重泵浦激光,对上述激光进行适当的功率分配后提供给冷原子钟。对该套激光装置关键器件进行了特性测试,将稳频后的倍频激光与锁定在超稳激光上的光学频率梳进行拍频,得到的激光的线宽在74 kHz左右,其短期稳定度比外腔半导体激光器提高半个多数量级。将这样的激光光源应用于冷原子钟,可以减小探测激光频率噪声对喷泉钟稳定度的限制。     

基于原位探测的空间冷原子钟的性能分析

在空间微重力环境下,应用激光冷却技术的空间冷原子钟有望获得更高精度的时间频率基准。提出了一种基于原位探测的新型空间冷原子钟方案,在开展冷原子俘获、冷却、选态、两次微波探寻与量子态探测等过程中,冷原子都保持在微波腔中,这种设计可以使单个原子钟的周期更短,微波探寻过程有更大的时间占空比,也能使原子钟的整体结构更加紧凑。在使用Boitier a Vieillissement Ameliore (BVA)晶振作为本振的条件下,从Dick效应与量子投影噪声两方面对原子钟的稳定度进行分析预估,然后分析了影响冷原子钟不确定的来源与估值,结果表明:基于原位探测的空间冷原子钟有望达到5.9×10~(-14)τ~(-1/2)的稳定度以及1×10~(-16)的不确定度,该结果优于当前使用BVA晶振作为本振的其他冷原子微波钟的性能。