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Özge Pala Dirk J Vriens Jac AM Vennix 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》2015,66(4):593-601
Escalation of commitment, the tendency of decision makers to keep on investing in losing courses of action, has been shown to be a costly decision bias that affects many areas of decision making. Even though escalation is a widely studied phenomenon, there has been comparatively little research on how to avoid this bias. The present study focuses on de-escalation of commitment and proposes that causal loop diagrams (CLDs) can help to decrease escalating commitment to a failing course of action. By means of an experiment, this study shows that using a CLD decreases escalation tendencies. 相似文献
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Elisabeth CW van Straaten Willem de Haan Hanneke de Waal Philip Scheltens Wiesje M van der Flier Frederik Barkhof Ted Koene Cornelis J Stam 《BMC neuroscience》2012,13(1):1-7
Background
This study examined the effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as different n-6: n-3 ratios on spatial learning and gene expression of peroxisome- proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the hippocampus of rats. Thirty male Sprague?CDawley rats were randomly allotted into 3 groups of ten animals each and received experimental diets with different n-6: n-3 PUFA ratios of either 65:1, 22:1 or 4.5:1. After 10?weeks, the spatial memory of the animals was assessed using the Morris Water Maze test. The expression of PPAR?? and PPAR?? genes were determined using real-time PCR.Results
Decreasing dietary n-6: n-3 PUFA ratios improved the cognitive performance of animals in the Morris water maze test along with the upregulation of PPAR?? and PPAR?? gene expression. The animals with the lowest dietary n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio presented the highest spatial learning improvement and PPAR gene expression.Conclusion
It can be concluded that modulation of n-6: n-3 PUFA ratios in the diet may lead to increased hippocampal PPAR gene expression and consequently improved spatial learning and memory in rats. 相似文献7.
Bobeldijk I Bouwhuis M Ireland DG de Jager CW Jans E de Jonge N Kasdorp WJ Konijn J Lapikás L van Leeuwe JJ van der Meer RL Nooren GJ Passchier E Schroevers M van der Steenhoven G Steijger JJ Theunissen JA van Uden MA de Vries H de Vries R de Witt Huberts PK Blok HP van den Brink HB Dodge GE Harakeh MN Hesselink WH Kalantar-Nayestanaki N Pellegrino A Spaltro CM Templon JA Hicks RS Kelly JJ Marchand C 《Physical review letters》1994,73(20):2684-2687
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