The Statistical Mechanics of Semiflexible Equilibrium Polymers

We give an overview of studies of models for semiflexible, equilibrium polymers with special emphasis on our work on both lattice and continuum models for such systems. We show, principally by Monte Carlo simulations, that, once monomers self assemble to form polymers, their semiflexibility leads to nematic phases at low temperatures. Attractive wall potentials encourage the adsorption of these equilibrium polymers on surfaces. Rapid cooling leads to the formation of glasses with entangled polymers. Shear promotes nematic ordering, but, at high shear rates, this tendency decreases since the equilibrium polymers are torn apart. A version of our model in which the polymers are directed shows the polymer analog of bosonic Mott-insulating, mass-density-wave, and supersolid phases. We give a brief comparison of our work with other studies and also explore the experimental implications of our study.     

Charge and Stability of Colloids

Summary Effect of non-electrolytes like methyl alcohol, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl alcohols, glucose, sucrose, urea, starch and iso-electric gelatin on negatively charged selenium oxide sol has been studied by Spekker absorptiometer in presence of barium chloride as coagulating electrolyte. It has been observed that the substances studied generally stabilise the sol except ethylalcohol in all concentrations, methyl and n-propyl alcohols in high concentrations which have been found to sensitise it. It has been found that dielectric constant does not seem to explain completely the phenomenon of sensitisation and protection.

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Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines Spekker-Absorptionsmeters wurde der Einflu? von Nichtelektrolyten für Bariumchlorid als koagulierender Elektrolyt auf negativ geladenes Selenoxyd-Sol untersucht. Die angewendeten Nichtelektrolyte waren Methyl-, ?thyl-, n-Propyl-, n-Butyl- und n-Hexyl-Alkohol, Glukose, Sucrose, Harnstoff, St?rke und Gelatine (isoelektrisch). Es wurde festgestellt, da? in allen F?llen das Sol im allgemeinen stabilisiert wird au?er durch ?thyl-Alkohol bei allen Konzentrationen, Methyl- und Propyl-Alkohol bei hohen Konzentrationen. In diesen F?llen wurde das Sol sensibilisiert. Au?erdem wurde festgestellt, da? die Dielektrizit?tskonstante offensichtlich nicht vollst?ndig die Ph?nomene der Sensibilisierung und des Schutzes erkl?rt.

     

Studies in inorganic polyelectrolytes — Part II

Viscosity behaviour of several samples ofGraham's salt with varying molecular weight has been studied. Reduced viscosity (η _sp /c) versus concentration curves were found to be characteristic of polyelectrolytes. They are dependent on the molecular weight and can be reduced to straight lines by plotting the reciprocal of the reduced viscosity against the square root of concentration. The intrinsic viscosities obtained by extrapolation were found to be proportional to the square of molecular weights. The value of reduced viscosity at any particular concentration in the concentration range between 0.25% and 4.0% was linearly related to the molecular weight. Reduced viscosities were found to decrease considerably on addition of electrolytes. Reduced viscosity versus added salt concentration curves were remarkably molecular weight dependent. The p_H of the medium seemed to have no effect at all. Bivalent salts reduce the viscosity to a much greater extent than monovalent ones. By keeping the concentration of the added salt constant and varying that ofGraham's salt, curves showing hump which disappeared at higher concentration of the added salt, were obtained. In the action of electrolytes the more important factor is the valency of cation rather than the ionic strength of the medium. Most observations confirm the already well-establishedFolding-Chain Theory of polyelectrolytes developed byKatchalsky, Fuoss and others.     

Characteristics of Heterophase Graft Copolymerizations

Abstract

Persulfate-initiated graft copolymerizations of glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin with acrylic acid, acrylamide, vinyl acetate, and methyl methacrylate in the aqueous phase were investigated. It was observed that percentage grafting, molecular weights of the grafts, and grafting efficiencies were greatly influenced by the nature of the monomers. Hydrophilic monomers gave a higher frequency of grafting but lower molecular weights. While the frequency of grafting with hydrophobic monomers was low, the molecular weights of the grafts were comparatively high. The results are explained in terms of microdomain kinetics, similar to those encountered in emulsion or suspension polymerizations.     

Renewed Looks at the Distribution of a Sum of Independent or Dependent Discrete Random Variables and Related Problems

Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability - Butler and Stephens (2017) have investigated the exact and approximate distributions of a sum S of independent binomial random variables with...     

Nelumbo nucifera leaves as source of water-repellent wax: Extraction through polar and non-polar organic solvents

Nelumbo nucifera leaves are rich source of natural wax possessing super-hydrophobic properties. It provides protection to them from ecological turbulences and climatic wear and tear. In this study, various experiments have been conducted to observe the yield of extraction and the determination of various functional groups, which are present in natural wax, derived from Nelumbo nucifera leaves. The natural wax has been extracted from lotus leaves through non-polar (hexane) and polar (ethanol) solvent via different extraction methods. The superhydrophobic wax has been successfully extracted with hexane. Whereas, ethanol did not extract the water-repellent wax of lotus leaf. Considering the cumulative amount, i.e. (desired + undesired), the maceration shows the extraction of 2.9% (%w/w, through hexane) and 10.2% (%w/w, through ethanol), while it was found 2.5% (%w/w, cycle period 15 min) and 9.0% (%w/w, cycle period 26 min) respectively, in case of Soxhlet extraction technique. For this specific case of natural wax recovery from biomass (lotus leaf), the maceration (traditional method) resulted a little bit superior extraction yield in comparison to the Soxhlet extraction method for extraction of crude wax. In the case of non-polar solvent (hexane), an extraction yield of 1.97% (%w/w) through maceration method was observed while in the case of non-polar solvent (ethanol), an extraction yield of 1.62% (%w/w) through Soxhlet extraction was observed. The TLC analysis on both types of extracts was performed. For the detection of various hydrocarbon chains in the crude wax extracts, FTIR was also performed. Topography of wax surface and wax-coated waterproof fabric was compared through SEM.     

On the behavior of Nd3+ in LaCl3

Various properties of Nd³⁺: LaCl₃ which are influenced strongly by the crystalline electric field (CF) have been studied in the intermediate coupling scheme. A satisfactory correlation among the diverse observed properties has been achieved with the CF of Crosswhite et al. The hitherto uncertain lattice contribution to the electric field gradient (EFG) at the nuclear site has been established quite precisely. Some interesting features in the magnetic and thermal behavior of Nd³⁺ are also predicted.     

Volumetrische Analyse von Permanganat-Dichromat- und Chromisalz-Gemischen

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