Inverted and suppressed direct response HMQC-TOCSY spectra - a convenient method of spectral editing

HMQC-TOCSY spectra provide a convenient means of establishing proton-proton connectivities in congested spectra of complex aromatic heterocycles. Advantage is taken of the greater dispersion of the ¹³C nmr spectrum to circumvent overlap which would preclude spectral interpretation through the usual COSY spectrum. A recently reported method for inverting direct responses (IDR) in HMQC-TOCSY spectra is demonstrated for [1]benzothieno[2,3-c]naphtho[2,1-g]quinoline. A modification of the IDR-HMQC-TOCSY method is also demonstrated which is capable of fully suppressing direct responses (SDR) without resorting to the timing of the onset of decoupling as in the original report of the HMQC-TOCSY experiment. SDR-HMQC-TOCSY has the further advantage of allowing the use of higher levels of digitization in F₂ than can be attained when broadband heteronuclear decoupling is employed.     

Colloidal interactions: contact limiting laws,double-layer dissociation,and "non-DLVO" (Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek) forces

The conceptual basis and main results of a new model of the dissociative electrical double layer augmented with Lubetkin-Middleton-Ottewill (LMO) dissociative law are summarized. The main results are: the derivation of fundamental limiting laws of planar repulsions in the limit of surface contact, and their transition to the Debye-Hückel limiting laws at infinite separation; the prediction of stronger and longer-range electrostatic forces, quantitatively and consistently accounting for repulsions in colloidal montmorillonites; the discovery of the classical Debye-Hückel interionic effect being operative in increasing double-layer dissociation by lowering the activities of diffuse ions via the LMO law; the prediction of maxima of Stern potentials in spherical symmetry without any further assumptions, and the prediction of no maxima for platelike montmorillonites. In the light of these new insights, the concepts of "hydration forces" and other close-range "non-DLVO" forces may need to be revised, as well as the origin of the maxima of electrophoretic mobilities (Stern potentials) for spherical colloids.     

New approach to calibrating conductivity meters in the low conductivity range

There is currently a major issue with the calibration of conductivity meters used for high purity water: the lack of availability of a reference material or reference methods for low conductivity ranges (conductivity below 1 S cm^–1 at 25.0 °C, resistivity >1 M cm at 25.0 °C). This paper describes the current status of conductivity measurements in high purity water. A new and improved approach, currently being investigated, should allow us to make the calibration of conductivity meters used for low conductivity ranges traceable to the SI.Milipore, Milli-Q and Elix are registered trademarks of Millipore Corporation.     

Die Berechnung von Einelektronen-Integralen in der SCF-Xα-SW-Methode: I. Die Normierung

A normalization of the wave functions by means of the theoretical exact Multiple-Scattering-(MS)-formalism is discussed within the framework of the SCF-X-SW-method. For the atomic and extramolecular regions the integrals of normalization can be easily determined and the results can be described by the corresponding electronic charges. The calculation of the integral of the interatomic region is problematic. The needful volume integration is only necessary to theGreen's functions of the wave functions and can be solved by means of the residual theory. The further analytical calculation of the surface integrals leads to a complicated formalism which can be numerically evaluated.

     

C(3)-azido cephem II

The major product from the thermolysis and photolysis of C(3)-azido cephem 2 is the ring expanded 1,4,6-thiadiazepine azetidinone.     

Traceability of pH measurements by glass electrode cells: performance characteristic of pH electrodes by multi-point calibration

Routine pH measurements are carried out with pH meter-glass electrode assemblies. In most cases the glass and reference electrodes are thereby fashioned into a single probe, the so-called 'combination electrode' or simply 'the pH electrode'. The use of these electrodes is subject to various effects, described below, producing uncertainties of unknown magnitude. Therefore, the measurement of pH of a sample requires a suitable calibration by certified standard buffer solutions (CRMs) traceable to primary pH standards. The procedures in use are based on calibrations at one point, at two points bracketing the sample pH and at a series of points, the so-called multi-point calibration. The multi-point calibration (MPC) is recommended if minimum uncertainty and maximum consistency are required over a wide range of unknown pH values. Details of uncertainty computations for the two-point and MPC procedure are given. Furthermore, the multi-point calibration is a useful tool to characterise the performance of pH electrodes. This is demonstrated with different commercial pH electrodes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL is available if you access this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1506-5. On that page (frame on the left side), a link takes you directly to the supplementary material.     

Collective excitations in solid hydrogen as observed by incoherent neutron scattering

Incoherent neutron scattering experiments are reported at a number of scattering angles for solid H₂ using the time-of-flight technique. The samples had an ortho concentration ofX0.91 and the temperatures were 4.2, 2.2 and 1.2 K. The recorded scattering functions exhibit the elastic line, the ortho-para conversion line, the phonon spectrum on the energy-gain side of the neutrons and finally the phonon spectrum on the energy-loss side. Analysis of the data shows multiple scattering to be very important especially at small scattering angles. Accordingly, the results of an extensive calculation are reported that include up to four-fold scattering. The phonon spectrum that brings calculation and experiment in agreement at all angles is presented. It is concluded from the comparison between the spectra at various temperatures that unexpectedly the samples have always remained in the hexagonal close-packed phase even below the usual transition temperature into the cubic phase. Comparison is made with the spectrum (also in thehcp phase) obtained from coherent neutron scattering. The high-energy phonon tail, to be expected for quantum crystals, is observed and is qualitatively consistent with that in a similar spectral density derived theoretically from ortho-para conversion data under pressure. No evidence of a libron spectrum atT=2.2 K for a sample withX=0.91 could be found, which is consistent with the absence of the cubic orientationally ordered phase in these experiments.Supported in this research by a grant from the National Science Foundation     

Ergodic theorems for coupled random walks and other systems with locally interacting components

Summary In [5] the second author introduced a variety of new infinite systems with locally interacting components. On the basis of computations for the finite analogues of these systems, he made conjectures ragarding their limiting behavior as t. This paper is devoted to the construction of these processes and to the proofs of these conjectures. We restrict ourselves primarily to spatially homogeneous situations; interesting problems remain unsolved in inhomogeneous cases. Two features distinguish these processes from most other infinite particle systems which have been studied. One is that the state spaces of these systems are noncompact; the other that even though the invariant measures are not generally of product form, one can nevertheless compute explicitly the first and second moments of the number of particles per site in equilibrium. The second moment computations are of inherent interest of course, and they play an important role in the proofs of the ergodic theorems as well.Research supported in part by NSF Grant MCS 77-02121Research supported in part by NSF Grant MCS 77-03543.