Modification of sulfate lignin with sodium periodate to obtain sorbent of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine

Application of the oxidative modification of sulfate kraft lignin with sodium periodate under mild conditions is suggested in order to obtain a sorbent for detoxication of spillage places of rocket fuels based on 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and to purify wastewaters containing this compound. It was found that processing with the periodate at a temperature of 55°C for 20 h results in a more than twofold increase in the content of carbonyl and quinone groups in a lignin preparation and a rise in its polydispersity due to the appearance of a macromolecular condensed fraction and a threefold increase in the sorption capacity for 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. The sorbent can bind 6.7% of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and substantially surpasses in this parameter other lignin-based sorbents. It was shown that the firm chemical binding of hydrazines hinders desorption of the highly toxic rocket propellant and products of its oxidative transformation from the surface of lignin both into solution and into the vapor phase, thereby providing safe handling of the spent sorbent.     

Study of the Chlorination of Avobenzone in Sea Water by Gas Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Disinfection is an important step in the purification of drinking and swimming pool water. The most common procedure includes chlorination, which efficiently eliminates microorganisms. However, the reaction of active chlorine with dissolved organic matter produces numerous organochlorine compounds posing a hazard to the environment and human health. UV filters belong to emerging contaminants, as their application to skin protection from UV irradiation becomes increasingly popular all over the world. Certain components of UV filters were detected in swimming pools and result in the emergence of new ecotoxicants. In the present study, 40 compounds, including numerous brominated derivatives, which result from the chlorination of avobenzone in sea water, were identified by gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, the applicability of photocatalysis to the destruction of chlorination products was studied. The procedure was found to be rather efficient and allows a decrease in the total amount of avobenzone transformation products by a factor of 10. The only compound class demonstrating stability under the applied conditions is exemplified by halogenated acetophenone derivatives.     

Study of the Composition of Volatile By-Products,Formed by Dissolution of Wood in Ionic Liquids Based on 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to study the composition of the degradation products of ionic liquids and wood released into the vapor phase...     

Comparative studies of eye-safe intracavity and extracavity optical parametric oscillators with an unstable telescopic cavity

We have experimentally studied the lasing characteristics of an eye-safe optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with an unstable telescopic cavity when it is placed inside (intracavity OPO) and outside (extracavity OPO) the plane-parallel cavity of a pulsed, nearly single-mode KGW:Nd pump laser. We used a KTP crystal as the nonlinear medium for the OPO. We have shown that the intracavity OPO has the higher lasing efficiency. We have observed that the distribution of nonlinear losses introduced by the intracavity OPO, nonuniform over the cavity cross section, leads to an increase in the diameter and divergence of the radiation beam from the pump laser and a dependence of its temporal lasing dynamics on the transverse beam coordinate. We propose a physical model qualitatively explaining the spatial and temporal lasing dynamics of a radiation source with an intracavity OPO. Both OPO versions generate beams of radiation with about the same divergence. When the KGW:Nd laser has an electrical pumping energy of 7.3 J and a cavity length of 77 cm, the intracavity OPO and the extracavity OPO emit pulses with energies of 14.5 mJ and 12.0 mJ and duration 18 nsec and 13 nsec respectively. The divergence of the eye-safe radiation (λ = 1.578 μm) at 86.5% of the total pulse energy is no greater than 5.5 mrad for an OPO output beam diameter of = 2 mm. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 535–543, July–August, 2006.     

Kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of model compounds of lignin with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of peroxidase from horse-radish

A kinetic scheme was suggested for the oxidation of guaiacol, ferulic acid, acetovanilon, and vanillyl alcohol with hydrogen peroxide. A number of kinetic parameters were determined.     

Effect of Nanocrystal Size on Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence in Lead Halide Perovskites

JETP Letters - We report size-dependent anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) of methylammonium lead bromide (MALB) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) under resonant laser excitation. The ASPL efficiency...     

Rapid determination of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine transformation products in soil by accelerated solvent extraction coupled with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the analytical extraction of mobile species of eightmain transformation products of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, 2-furaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-2-tetrazene, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-nitrosodimethylamine, 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole, and 1-formyl-2,2-dimethylhydrazine) from soils using subcritical acetonitrile at a pressure of 100 bar is proposed. The effects of temperature, number of extraction cycles, and the moisture content of soil samples on the recovery of analytes were studied. It was found that, for soils with high concentrations of lignin humic substances, efficient extraction can be attained with an addition of significant amounts of alkali to the soil (2.5 g/g). Under the optimum conditions, the recovery of analytes was higher than 70% at the extraction time no more than 30 min. A combination of the proposed sample preparation approach with analysis by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) ensures the determination of the products of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) transformation in complex matrixes, such as soils with high concentrations of organic substance with detection limits from 1.8 to 15 µg kg^–1 using the direct injection of the extract into the chromatography system. The error of determination at a confidential probability of 0.95 was not worse than 15% even for analyte concentrations close to lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) values. The method developed is a significant improvement compared to the highly efficient methods previously reported in literature differing from them with simple sample preparation, rapidity, low consumption of reagents, the possibility of simultaneous determination of eight compounds and 1–2 orders of higher sensitivity. It was successfully used for the analysis of real samples of peaty soil from the place of impact of the first step of a carrier rocket.