Multiphoton Dissociation of Sulfur Hexafluoride in a Vibrationally Cooled Compression Shock

Multiphoton IR dissociation of SF₆ (in a mixture with CH₄) under nonequilibrium conditions of a compression shock formed by an intense, gas dynamically cooled, pulsed molecular beam impacting a solid surface was studied using the HF* luminescence detection ( 2.5 m) technique. The dependences of the HF* luminescence intensity on the distance x between the region in which molecules were excited and the surface and on the laser radiation frequency at different values of x were obtained. It was shown that, as the distance x decreased from 4 to 1.5 mm, the HF* luminescence intensity increased by more than an order of magnitude as compared to the case of excitation of molecules in an undisturbed flow, whereas the frequency dependences of luminescence intensity (SF₆ dissociation yield) were broadened only insignificantly.     

Reactions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-acetyltrifluoroacetamide with chlorophosphites

Reactions of N-acetyltrifluoroacetamide with chlorophosphites give rise to O-phosphorylated N-trifluoroacetoacetylimidates, which transform into α-phosphorylated vinylamides of trifluroacetic acid as a result of vinylphosphite-vinylphosphonate rearrangement. On the basis of nonempirical calculations data the reaction protocol of N-acetyltrifluoroacetamide with chlorophosphites was suggested.     

Measurement of nanoparticle temperature in a (CO2) N cluster beam using SF6 molecules as tiny probe thermometers

A temperature measurement technique using SF₆ molecules as tiny probe thermometers is described, and results are presented, for large (CO₂) _N van der Waals clusters (with N ≥ 10²) in a cluster beam. The SF₆ molecules captured by (CO₂) _N clusters in crossed cluster and molecular beams sublimate (evaporate) after a certain time, carrying information about the cluster velocity and internal temperature. Experiments are performed using detection of these molecules with an uncooled pyroelectric detector and infrared multiphoton excitation. The multiphoton absorption spectra of molecules sublimating from clusters are compared with the IR multiphoton absorption spectra of SF₆ in the incoming beam. As a result, the nanoparticle temperature in the (CO₂) _N cluster beam is estimated as T _cl < 150 K. Time-of-flight measurements using a pyroelectric detector and a pulsed CO₂ laser are performed to determine the velocity (kinetic energy) of SF₆ molecules sublimating from clusters, and the cluster temperature is found to be T _cl = 105 ± 15 K. The effects of various factors on the results of nanoparticle temperature measurements are analyzed. The potential use of the proposed technique for vibrational cooling of molecules to low temperatures is discussed.     

Investigation of atomic and molecular clustering in a pulsed gas-dynamic jet with a pyroelectric detector

The clustering of atoms and molecules in a pulsed gas-dynamic jet has been investigated by the method of time-of-flight measurements performed with an uncooled pyroelectric detector (PED). The method is based on measuring the amplitude of the pyroelectric signal induced on the detector by a molecular (atomic) beam and the particle velocity in the beam as a function of the gas pressure above the nozzle. In addition, the number of molecules (atoms) emerging from the nozzle in a pulse has been measured. We describe the method and present the results of our studies on the clustering of He, Xe, CH₄, CO₂, and other gases. The peculiarities of the detection of molecular and cluster beams with PED are considered. We show that the described method allows the clustering threshold as a function of the gas pressure above the nozzle to be determined. We have established the threshold pressures at which particle clustering in the jet begins. Optimal conditions for the generation of intense cluster beams have been found.     

Intense Infrared Laser-Induced Radiation–Collision Involvement of Molecules That Do Not Absorb Laser Radiation in Resonance with a Laser Field in a Two-Component Molecular Medium

JETP Letters - Effective radiation–collision involvement of molecules that do not absorb laser radiation in resonance with a laser field in a two-component molecular medium that includes...     

Determination of the composition and content of pulsed cluster beams from time-of-flight mass spectra of cluster fragments

The properties of a superconducting flux quantum bit (qubit) in the quasidispersive mode, where the frequency of a probe signal is lower than the qubit excitation frequency but is close to it, have been experimentally studied. It has been shown that all parameters of the qubit inductively coupled to a coplanar resonator can be determined at the single-frequency excitation from the analysis of the frequency responses of the transmission of the probe signal at the output of this resonator. Under the additional excitation of the qubit by the signal at the second harmonic of the cavity, resonance dips have been observed because of resonance between the probe signal and induced Rabi splitting. It has been shown that the positions of these dips are in good agreement with the parameters of the qubit that are obtained by analyzing the amplitude–frequency response within the width of the fundamental resonance frequency.     

Spectra of electrons and X-ray photons in a diffusive nanosecond discharge in air under atmospheric pressure

The spectra of electrons and X-ray photons generated in nanosecond discharges in air under atmospheric pressure are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Data for the discharge formation dynamics in a nonuniform electric field are gathered. It is confirmed that voltage pulses with an amplitude of more than 100 kV and a rise time of 1 ns or less causing breakdown of an electrode gap with a small-radius cathode generate runaway electrons, which can be divided into three groups in energy (their energy varies from several kiloelectronvolts to several hundreds of kiloelectronvolts). It is also borne out that the formation of the space charge is due to electrons appearing in the gap at the cathode and a major contribution to the electron beam behind the foil comes from electrons of the second group, the maximal energy of which roughly corresponds to the voltage across the gap during electron beam generation. X-ray radiation from the gas-filled diode results from beam electron slowdown both in the anode and in the gap. It is shown that the amount of group-3 electrons with an energy above the energy gained by runaway electrons (in the absence of losses) at a maximal voltage across the gap is much smaller than the amount of group-2 electrons.     

Disintegration of Ar N,Kr N,and (N2) N clusters during collisions with highly vibrationally excited SF6 molecules

It is shown that, when highly vibrationally excited SF₆ molecules (with vibrational energy E _vib ≥ 0.5–2 eV) collide with weakly bound van der Waals Ar _N , Kr _N , or (N₂) _N (N ≤ 30–40 atoms in a cluster) clusters in intersecting molecular and cluster beams, the molecules are trapped by the clusters, the clusters then undergo full disintegration, and the trapped molecules become free. The method of studying this process and the results obtained are described. The possibilities of application of this method for selective doping of clusters by molecules, laser separation of isotopes, and selective transportation of molecules to a surface are discussed.     

Selective multiphoton IR dissociation of SF6 molecules under nonequilibrium conditions of a pulsed gasodynamically cooled molecular flow interacting with a solid surface

The process of the isotope-selective multiphoton IR dissociation of SF₆ molecules under the non-equilibrium conditions of a pulsed gasodynamically cooled molecular flow interacting with a solid surface was experimentally studied. The SF₆ molecules dissociate as a result of excitation in a shock wave generated in the flow, in the flow incident onto the sold surface, and in an unperturbed flow (in the absence of the solid). The experiment was based on detecting the luminescence from HF^* molecules (λ ≈ 2.5) μm) accompanying the SF₆ dissociation in the presence of H₂ or CH₄, the emission intensity being a measure of the SF₆ dissociation yield. The molecular beam parameters were studied. The time-of-flight spectra of SF₆ in the flow interacting with the surface were measured under various experimental conditions. The spectral and energy characteristics of the SF₆ dissociation process were determined in the flow interacting with the solid surface and in the unperturbed flow. The dissociation product (SF₄) yield was measured and the coefficient of its enrichment with the ³⁴S isotope was determined. It is demonstrated that, using the shock wave formation, it is possible to increase the efficiency of the isotope-selective dissociation of SF₆ molecules. An explanation of the observed results is proposed. The gas density and temperature in the incident flow and in the shock wave were estimated. The results are analyzed and compared to the other published data on the SF₆ dissociation in a molecular beam.     

RBE of α particles and postradiation recovery in a temperature conditional mutant of diploid yeast for various criteria of cell death

The influence of linear energy transfer (LET) on relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and the liquid-holding recovery (LHR) ability was studied for a temperature conditional mutant of diploid yeast. Both the RBE and the rate of LHR were much lower for reproductive killing at 36°C and cell killing without division at both 23 and 36°C. However, the probability of recovery was independent of the culture temperature being identical for both low-and high-LET radiations. It was concluded that the LHR process itself is not damaged after densely ionizing radiation, while the enhanced RBE value and the reduced rate and volume of recovery after high-LET radiation may be entirely caused by the increased yield of the irreversible radiation damages. The text was submitted by the authors in English.