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Use of ultrasound can yield polymer degradation as reflected by a significant reduction in the intrinsic viscosity or the molecular weight. The ultrasonic degradation of two water soluble polymers viz. carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been studied in the present work. The effect of different operating parameters such as time of irradiation, immersion depth of horn and solution concentration has been investigated initially using laboratory scale operation followed by intensification studies using different additives such as air, sodium chloride and surfactant. Effect of scale of operation has been investigated with experiments in the available different capacity reactors with an objective of recommending a suitable type of configuration for large scale operation. The experimental results show that the viscosity of polymer solution decreased with an increase in the ultrasonic irradiation time and approached a limiting value. Use of additives such as air, sodium chloride and surfactant helps in increasing the extent of viscosity reduction. At higher frequency operation the viscosity reduction has been found to be negligible possibly attributed to less contribution of the physical effects. The viscosity reduction in the case of ultrasonic horn has been observed to be more as compared to other large capacity reactors. Kinetic analysis of the polymer degradation process has also been performed. The present work has enabled us to understand the role of the different operating parameters in deciding the extent of viscosity reduction in polymer systems and also the controlling effects of low frequency high power ultrasound with experiments on different scales of operation. 相似文献
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R Nirmala V Sankaranarayanan K Sethupathi AV Morozkin T Geethakumary Y Hariharan 《Pramana》2002,58(5-6):1101-1104
New R
2Ti3Ge4 (R=Dy, Ho and Er) intermetallic compounds have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and low temperature ac
magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power measurements were carried out. The compounds crystallize
in the parent, Sm5Ge4-type orthorhombic structure (space group Pnma) and lanthanide contraction is observed as one moves along the rare-earth series.
The changeover from paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic phase happens at low temperatures and the ordering temperature scales
with the de Gennes factor. The electrical resistivity is metallic with a negative curvature above 100 K. Thermopower displays
a weak maximum at temperatures less than 50 K signifying the possible phonon and magnon drag effects. 相似文献
3.
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was used to measure the elastic constants of bcc Ta0.33V0.67 over the temperature range 3.5–300?K; the results were compared to earlier measurements on C15 TaV2. The temperature dependence of the polycrystalline shear modulus is completely different in the two phases; that of the bcc phase decreases with temperature whereas that of the C15 phases increases in an anomalous fashion. This difference is consistent with a model involving doubly-degenerate levels at the X point of the Brillouin zone in the C15 phase with the Fermi level lying near the doubly degenerate level. This model accounted for the unusual behaviour of the C15 phase. Debye temperatures were determined from the ultrasonic measurements: 295?K for the C15 phase and 315?K for the bcc phase. 相似文献
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K. D. Patil S. S. Zade A. N. Mohod 《中国物理快报》2008,25(3):854-857
We investigate the possibility of cosmic censorship violation in the gravitational collapse of radiating dyon solution. It is shown that the final outcome of the collapse depends sensitively on the electric and magnetic charge parameters. The graphs of the outer apparent horizon, inner Cauchy horizon for different values of parameters are drawn. It is found that the electric and magnetic components push the apparent horizon towards the retarded time-coordinate axis, which in turn reduces the radius of the apparent horizon in Valdya spacetime. Also, we extend the earlier work of Chamorro and Virbhadra [Pramana, J. Phys. 45 (1995) 181]. 相似文献
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