Polypyridyl-Based Copper Phenanthrene Complexes: Combining Stability with Enhanced DNA Recognition

We report a series of copper(II) artificial metallo-nucleases (AMNs) and demonstrate their DNA damaging properties and in-vitro cytotoxicity against human-derived pancreatic cancer cells. The compounds combine a tris-chelating polypyridyl ligand, di-(2-pycolyl)amine (DPA), and a DNA intercalating phenanthrene unit. Their general formula is Cu-DPA-N,N' (where N,N'=1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), dipyridoquinoxaline (DPQ) or dipyridophenazine (DPPZ)). Characterisation was achieved by X-ray crystallography and continuous-wave EPR (cw-EPR), hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) and Davies electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopies. The presence of the DPA ligand enhances solution stability and facilitates enhanced DNA recognition with apparent binding constants (K_app) rising from 10⁵ to 10⁷ m ⁻¹ with increasing extent of planar phenanthrene. Cu-DPA-DPPZ, the complex with greatest DNA binding and intercalation effects, recognises the minor groove of guanine–cytosine (G-C) rich sequences. Oxidative DNA damage also occurs in the minor groove and can be inhibited by superoxide and hydroxyl radical trapping agents. The complexes, particularly Cu-DPA-DPPZ, display promising anticancer activity against human pancreatic tumour cells with in-vitro results surpassing the clinical platinum(II) drug oxaliplatin.     

A degradable atom transfer radical polymerization inimer: Synthesis,polymerization, and cleavage of the resulting polymer products

A novel degradable inimer for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 2‐(6‐(2‐((2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropanoyl)oxy)ethyl)pyridin‐2‐yl)ethyl methacrylate (PyDEBrMΑ), was synthesized by the two‐step esterification of 2,6‐pyridinediethanol, first with α‐bromoisobutyryl bromide in order to introduce the initiator moiety, and then with methacryloyl chloride in order to introduce the monomer moiety. PyDEBrMA was subsequently used to initiate the self‐condensing ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) to obtain a hyperbranched MMA homopolymer which could be cleaved at the PyDEBrMA residue either by treatment under mildly alkaline hydrolysis conditions (sodium deuteroxide in d₆‐DMSO at room temperature) or thermolysis at 150 °C. The lability of the PyDEBrMA residue arises from the presence in its structure of two 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethyl ester moieties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 2831–2839     

On the role of the microporous layer in PEMFC operation

The condition of liquid water breakthrough at the cathode of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFC) is studied experimentally and data on corresponding water saturation and capillary pressure are provided for gas diffusion layers (GDL) with and without a microporous layer (MPL). The data demonstrate that the GDL saturation at water breakthrough is drastically reduced from ca. 25% to ca. 5% in the presence of MPL. This observation is consistent with considerations of invasion percolation in finite-size lattices and suggests an explanation for the role of MPL in improving PEMFC performance at high current densities.     

Adsorption kinetics of alkanethiol-capped gold nanoparticles at the hexane–water interface

The pendant drop technique was used to characterize the adsorption behavior of n-dodecane-1-thiol and n-hexane-1-thiol-capped gold nanoparticles at the hexane–water interface. The adsorption process was studied by analyzing the dynamic interfacial tension versus nanoparticle concentration, both at early times and at later stages (i.e., immediately after the interface between the fluids is made and once equilibrium has been established). A series of gold colloids were made using nanoparticles ranging in size from 1.60 to 2.85 nm dissolved in hexane for the interfacial tension analysis. Following free diffusion of nanoparticles from the bulk hexane phase, adsorption leads to ordering and rearrangement of the nanoparticles at the interface and formation of a dense monolayer. With increasing interfacial coverage, the diffusion-controlled adsorption for the nanoparticles at the interface was found to change to an interaction-controlled assembly and the presence of an adsorption barrier was experimentally verified. At the same bulk concentration, different sizes of n-dodecane-1-thiol nanoparticles showed different absorption behavior at the interface, in agreement with the findings of Kutuzov et al. (Phys Chem Chem Phys 9:6351–6358, 2007). The experiments additionally demonstrated the important role played by the capping agent. At the same concentration, gold nanoparticles stabilized by n-hexane-1-thiol exhibited greater surface activity than gold nanoparticles of the same size stabilized by n-dodecane-1-thiol. These findings contribute to the design of useful supra-colloidal structures by the self-assembly of alkane-thiol-capped gold nanoparticles at liquid–liquid interfaces.     

An experimental and theoretical study of butyl methacrylate in situ radical polymerization kinetics in the presence of graphene oxide nanoadditive

The butyl methacrylate radical polymerization kinetics in the presence of graphene oxide nanoadditive is studied both experimentally and theoretically. The experimental study includes the formation of graphite oxide from the oxidation of graphite and its subsequent transformation to graphene oxide (GO) after ultrasonication and in situ polymerization. Monomer conversion versus time was monitored gravimetrically at various reaction temperatures and initial GO fractions. Formation of GO was verified by X‐ray diffraction spectra and the number and weight average molecular weights of the final polymer were obtained from GPC measurements. A detailed theoretical kinetic model was further developed. The model predictions were found to be in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The presence of GO was found to result in reduced initiator efficiency verified theoretically and explained through side reactions of primary radicals. Finally, nanocomposites showed enhanced thermal stability compared to neat PBMA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 1433–1441     

Development of an egg-white bioassay for monitoring biotin levels in urine and serum.

This article reports on the development of a simple and cost-effective bioassay for the detection of biotin in urine and serum, based on the very selective binding of avidin and biotin. Avidin was allowed to react without isolating it from egg white. Egg white was treated with the dye HABA, which binds to avidin. Upon subsequent treatment with biotin, HABA is released due to the high affinity of biotin to avidin. The amount of HABA released is proportional to the amount of biotin used.     

Convective mass transfer across fluid interfaces in straight angular pores

Steady convective mass transfer to or from fluid interfaces in pores of angular cross-section is theoretically investigated. This situation is relevant to a variety of mass transport process in porous media, including the fate of residual non-aqueous phase liquid ganglia and gas bubbles. The model incorporates the essential physics of capillarity and solute mass transfer by convection and diffusion in corner fluid filaments. The geometry of the corner filaments, characterized by the fluid–fluid contact angle, the corner half-angle and the interface meniscus curvature, is accounted for. Boundary conditions of zero surface shear (‘perfect-slip’) and infinite surface shear (‘no-slip’) at the fluid–fluid interface are considered. The governing equations for laminar flow within the corner filament and convective diffusion to or from the fluid–fluid interface are solved using finite-element methods. Flow computations are verified by comparing the dimensionless resistance factor and hydraulic conductance of corner filaments against recent numerical solutions by Patzek and Kristensen (J. Colloid Interface Sci 236, 305–317 2001). Novel results are obtained for the average effluent concentration as a function of flow geometry and pore-scale Peclet number. These results are correlated to a characteristic corner length and local pore-scale Peclet number using empirical equations appropriate for implementation in pore network models. Finally, a previously published “2D-slit” approximation to the problem at hand is checked and found to be in considerable error.     

End‐to‐End Distances in Four‐Junction Polymers

The various end‐to‐end distances of four‐junction polymers are investigated. The sizes of the different kinds of equal length branches and the backbone of two different polymers, with either nine or eleven branches, are estimated by means of both renormalization‐group and MC calculations. The comparisons of first‐order ε = 4 − d predictions with the MC results are satisfactory. The same trends are present in both techniques. The excluded‐volume interactions from additional branches further expand the various parts of the chains so that internal branches are larger than external ones. The branch ratios in the eleven‐branch case are expanded even more than the corresponding ratios of the nine‐branch polymer.

     

A Longitudinal Study Revisiting the Notion of Early Number Sense: Algebraic Arithmetic AS a Catalyst for Number Sense Development

The aim of this study was to propose a new conceptualization of early number sense. Six-year-old students’ (n = 204) number sense was tracked from the beginning of Grade 1 through the beginning of Grade 2. Data analysis suggested that elementary arithmetic, conventional arithmetic, and algebraic arithmetic contributed to the latent construct early number sense, and the invariance of the model over time was validated empirically. Algebraic arithmetic represents the dimension of early number sense that moves beyond conventional arithmetic and encompasses an abstract understanding of the relations between numbers. A parallel process growth model showed that the three components of number sense adopt a linear growth rate. A structural model showed that the growth rate of the algebraic arithmetic component has a direct effect on the growth rate of conventional arithmetic, and subsequently the growth rate of conventional arithmetic predicts the growth rate of elementary arithmetic.