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1.
2.
Cumulant functions are introduced to describe the statistical state of a radiation field. These functions are simply related
to the optical coherence functions but have some interesting features. It is shown that if the cumulant functions of all orders
greater than some numberN
0 vanish then they also vanish for all orders greater than 2. Thermal field is the only field having this property. This property
holds whether the field is described by a classical stochastic process or by a quantum density operator. Further the particular
operator ordering used in defining these cumulant functions for the quantized field affects only the second order cumulant
function. To describe the statistical state of a vector field such as partially polarized or unpolarized radiation, one would
need to introduce cumulant tensors. 相似文献
3.
C. L. Kester R. O. Rye C. A. Johnson Ch. Schwartz Ch. Holmes 《Isotopes in environmental and health studies》2013,49(1):53-65
Abstract Sulfur isotopes have received little attention in ecology studies because plant and animal materials typically have low sulfur concentrations (< 1 wt.%) necessitating labor-intensive chemical extraction prior to analysis. To address the potential of direct combustion of organic material in an elemental analyzer coupled with a mass spectrometer, we compared results obtained by direct combustion to results obtained by sulfur extraction with Eschka's mixture. Direct combustion of peat and animal tissue gave reproducibility of better than 0.5‰ and on average, values are 0.8‰ higher than values obtained by Eschka extraction. Successful direct combustion of organic material appears to be a function of sample matrix and sulfur concentration. Initial results indicate that direct combustion provides fast, reliable results with minimal preparation. Pilot studies underway include defining bear diets and examining fluctuations between freshwater and brackish water in coastal environments. 相似文献
4.
Niedermaier O Scheit H Bildstein V Boie H Fitting J von Hahn R Köck F Lauer M Pal UK Podlech H Repnow R Schwalm D Alvarez C Ames F Bollen G Emhofer S Habs D Kester O Lutter R Rudolph K Pasini M Thirolf PG Wolf BH Eberth J Gersch G Hess H Reiter P Thelen O Warr N Weisshaar D Aksouh F Van den Bergh P Van Duppen P Huyse M Ivanov O Mayet P Van de Walle J Aystö J Butler PA Cederkäll J Delahaye P Fynbo HO Fraile LM Forstner O Franchoo S Köster U Nilsson T Oinonen M Sieber T Wenander F Pantea M 《Physical review letters》2005,94(17):172501
We report on the first radioactive beam experiment performed at the recently commissioned REX-ISOLDE facility at CERN in conjunction with the highly efficient gamma spectrometer MINIBALL. Using 30Mg ions accelerated to an energy of 2.25 MeV/u together with a thin (nat)Ni target, Coulomb excitation of the first excited 2+ states of the projectile and target nuclei well below the Coulomb barrier was observed. From the measured relative deexcitation gamma-ray yields the B(E2;0(+)gs-->2(+)1) value of 30Mg was determined to be 241(31)e2 fm4. Our result is lower than values obtained at projectile fragmentation facilities using the intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation method, and confirms the theoretical conjecture that the neutron-rich magnesium isotope 30Mg resides outside the "island of inversion." 相似文献
5.
Iko WM Kester CL Bern CR Stendell RC Rye RO 《Isotopes in environmental and health studies》2003,39(2):159-167
White-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus) populations in the 1930s were close to extirpation in the United States. But by the 1940s, an upward trend towards recovery was apparent and continued to their current stable population levels. These dramatic fluctuations in kite numbers may have been related to changes in rodent prey populations due to the conversion of native habitats to agriculture. To address this question, we evaluated the use of stable isotope analysis in determining if a shift in diet could be isotopically differentiated in current and historic kite populations. We first compared delta13C, delta15N, and delta34S values from present-day kite flight feathers and prey fur samples from four locations in California. The total ranges of isotope values for kite and their rodent prey were similar within each site. Carbon isotope values ranged from -27.1 to -22.2 per thousand in Arcata, -26.1 to -16.9 per thousand in Davis, -27.0 to -15.0 per thousand in Cosumnes, and -28.2 to -11.6 per thousand in Santa Barbara. Nitrogen isotope values ranged from 3.2 to 15.7 per thousand in Arcata, 2.8 to 12.7 per thousand in Davis, 4.0 to 15.7 per thousand in Cosumnes, and 1.7 to 20.0 per thousand in Santa Barbara. Sulfur isotope values ranged from -7.8 to 12.4 per thousand in Arcata, -1.1 to 9.2 per thousand in Davis, 0.7 to 10.9 per thousand in Cosumnes, and -8.6 to 15.6 per thousand in Santa Barbara. Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope values at each site reflect typical trophic enrichments due to physiological processes. At each site, delta13C and delta15N values reflected the influence of a predominantly C3 or a mixed C3/C4 plant community. Sulfur isotope values reflect the influence of predominant marine or terrestrial sulfur sources at each site. However, variability in isotope values may limit the usefulness of such analyses for addressing prey utilization and population dynamics. 相似文献
6.
S. Schwarz G. Bollen M. Doleans O. Kester K. Kittimanapun M. Kostin A. Lapierre M. Portillo C. Wilson J. R. Crespo L��pez-Urrutia J. Dilling 《Hyperfine Interactions》2011,199(1-3):261-267
At the NSCL a reaccelerator with design end energy of 3 MeV/u for 238U, called ReA3, is approaching the end of construction. ReA3 will be coupled to a gas stopper at the NSCL fragmentation facility to provide rare-isotope beams of nuclides not available at ISOL facilities in this energy range. An Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) will be used to provide highly charged ions at an energy of about 12 keV/u. The charge breeder is followed by a room-temperature radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) and a series of superconducting linear accelerator structures. Initial commissioning results from the EBIT and its charge-over-mass separator are presented. 相似文献
7.
Determination of hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine as salicyldehyde derivates by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Determination of hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine after derivatization with salicylaldehyde was done using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The oxidation of the phenolic group of salicylaldazine (S-HY) and salicylaldehyde-1,1-dimethylhydrazone (S-UDMH) was optimized with respect to ionic strength, pH, and applied potential. Less than 5 ng of S-HY and S-UDMH could be detected. The detection limits for hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine solutions were estimated to be 0.025 and 0.20 ppm, respectively. 相似文献
8.
D. Habs O. Kester T. Sieber H. Bongers S. Emhofer P. Reiter P.G. Thirolf G. Bollen J. Aystö O. Forstner H. Ravn T. Nilsson M. Oinonen H. Simon J. Cederkall F. Ames P. Schmidt G. Huber L. Liljeby O. Skeppstedt K.G. Rensfelt F. Wenander B. Jonson G. Nyman R. von Hahn H. Podlech R. Repnow C. Gund D. Schwalm A. Schempp K.-U. Kühnel C. Welsch U. Ratzinger G. Walter A. Huck K. Kruglov M. Huyse P. Van den Bergh P. Van Duppen L. Weissman A.C. Shotter A.N. Ostrowski T. Davinson P.J. Woods J. Cub A. Richter G. Schrieder 《Hyperfine Interactions》2000,129(1-4):43-66
The Radioactive Beam Experiment REX-ISOLDE [1–3] is a pilot experiment at ISOLDE (CERN) testing the new concept of post acceleration
of radioactive ion beams by using charge breeding of the ions in a high charge state ion source and the efficient acceleration
of the highly charged ions in a short LINAC using modern ion accelerator structures. In order to prepare the ions for the
experiments singly charged radioactive ions from the on-line mass separator ISOLDE will be cooled and bunched in a Penning
trap, charge bred in an electron beam ion source (EBIS) and finally accelerated in the LINAC. The LINAC consists of a radiofrequency
quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator, which accelerates the ions up to 0.3 MeV/u, an interdigital H-type (IH) structure with a final
energy between 1.1 and 1.2 MeV/u and three seven gap resonators, which allow the variation of the final energy. With an energy
of the radioactive beams between 0.8 MeV/u and 2.2 MeV/u a wide range of experiments in the field of nuclear spectroscopy,
astrophysics and solid state physics will be addressed by REX-ISOLDE.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
F. Herfurth K. Blaum S. Eliseev O. Kester H.-J. Kluge S. Koszudowski C. Kozhuharov G. Maero D. Neidherr W. Quint S. Schwarz S. Stahl G. Vorobjev 《Hyperfine Interactions》2006,173(1-3):93-101
A decelerator will be installed at GSI in order to provide and study heavy nuclei without or with only few electrons at very
low energies or even at rest. Highly-charged ions will be produced by stripping at relativistic energies. After electron cooling
and deceleration in the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) the ions are ejected out of the storage ring at 4 MeV/u and further
decelerated in a combination of linear accelerator structures operated in reverse. Finally, they are injected into a Penning
trap where the ions are cooled to 4 K by electron cooling in combination with resistive cooling. From here, the ions can be
transferred in a quasi DC or in a pulsed mode to different experimental setups. This article describes the technical concepts
of this project focused on the Penning trap.
相似文献
10.
A copper(II) ion-selective-electrode potentiometric method was used to determine the first and second hydrolysis constants of Cu2+. Special techniques prevented copper(II) hydroxide precipitation, and copper(II) carbonate and cipper(II) organic complexation during the titration of the experimental solution over the pH range 6.8–8.4. The large change in the total copper concentration during the titration due to adsorption of copper onto the vessel walls was accounted for by measuring the total copper concentration at each pH by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The two hydrolysis constants were determined at 25°C in 0.7 and 0.05m NaClO4 media. The measured stability constants are independent of the copper concentration and yield similar zero ionic strength values. Also, the stepwise equilibrium constants decrease as the ligand number increases. 相似文献